IMesopotamia, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi isizinda sempucuko, yayiyikhaya lamasiko asendulo athuthuke kakhulu emhlabeni - amaSumerians. AmaSumer ahlala ezweni eliphakathi kwemifula iTigris ne-Ewufrathe, endaweni manje ebizwa ngokuthi i-Iraq yanamuhla. Lesi sifunda, esaziwa ngokuthi iMesophothamiya, sasinikeza izizathu ezivundile zezolimo futhi savumela amaSumer ukuba achume.
Cishe ngo-4500 BC, amaSumer athuthukisa izifunda zamadolobha eziyinkimbinkimbi. Izwe ngalinye ledolobha lalinohulumeni walo, obuswa ubupristi njengabaholi benkolo, nonkulunkulu bawo obuswa nguye.
Isikhungo sombuso wedolobha ngalinye sasibuswa i-ziggurat enkulu, isakhiwo sephiramidi esinezinyathelo esinikezelwe kunkulunkulu wabo. Lezi zakhiwo ezimangalisayo zazisebenza njengezikhungo zenkolo, izikhungo zokuphatha, nezimpawu zamandla.
AmaSumer ayengabahwebi nabathengisi abanekhono. Basungula izimakethe eziphithizelayo lapho izimpahla ezivela kude nakude zazihwebelana. Le nethiwekhi yezohwebo yaletha ukuchuma nengcebo kula madolobha asendulo.
Kodwa okwenza amaSumer ahluke ngempela ukusungula kwawo ukubhala. Bakha enye yezinhlelo zokubhala zokuqala emhlabeni ezibizwa nge-cuneiform. Besebenzisa i-stylus, babefaka izinhlamvu ezimise okwezingcwecwe zobumba, ezaziqopha yonke into kusukela kwezentengiselwano kuya emibhalweni yenkolo.
Abantu baseSumer nabo babengamaphayona emikhakheni ehlukahlukene, benegalelo elikhulu empucukweni yabantu. Bakha amasu athuthukile kwezolimo, besebenzisa amandla ezinhlelo zokunisela ukuze banisele izitshalo zabo futhi bakhulise isivuno.
Abantu baseSumeriya babenokuqonda okujulile kwesayensi yezinkanyezi futhi benza amakhalenda ayinkimbinkimbi okulandelela izenzakalo zasezulwini. Bahlukanisa unyaka waba yizinyanga zenyanga, bebonisa ngokwengeziwe ulwazi lwabo lwezinkanyezi.
Ubuciko nobungcweti baseSumeri kwachuma phakathi nalesi sikhathi. Bakha izithombe eziqoshiwe ezimangalisayo, ubucwebe, nezitsha zobumba, konke okuhlotshiswe ngokucebile ngemiklamo eyinkimbinkimbi kanye nokuvezwa okucacile kokuphila kwabo kwansuku zonke.
Nokho, akubona bonke ababenokuthula eSumer yasendulo. Izifundazwe zamadolobha zazivame ukuhileleka ezingxabanweni nasezimpini zodwa. AmaSumer akha izindonga eziqinile nezakhiwo zokuzivikela ukuze avikele amadolobha awo kubahlaseli.
Naphezu kwentuthuko yabo ephawulekayo, impucuko yaseSumeri yagcina iwile. Uchungechunge lokuhlasela kwabantu abahlukahlukene abangomakhelwane, njengabase-Akkadians nabaseBhabhiloni, lwaholela ekubhujisweni kwezifunda zedolobha laseSumer ezaziyizinkulu.
Kodwa kukhona nezinye izimbangela eziholele kulokhu kuwa okuyingqophamlando. Izingxabano zangaphakathi kanye nokubanga amandla phakathi kwezifunda ezihlukene zamadolobha kwenza buthaka ubunye bazo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuwohloka kwesimiso sezolimo nezindlela zokunisela ngenkasa ezinganele kwabangela ukusweleka kokudla nendlala. Ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo nokushintsha kwemizila yezohwebo nakho kwaba nomthelela omubi emadolobheni aseSumerian. Lezi zingcindezi eziningi zagcina ziholele ekuweni kwempucuko yaseSumeri, okwavula indlela yokuba imibuso emisha iphakame futhi ilawule isifunda.
Namuhla, okusele kule mpucuko ethakazelisayo amanxiwa amadolobha awo ake anamandla. Kodwa ifa labo liyaqhubeka. AmaSumer abeka isisekelo sentuthuko eminingi yamasiko, ezobuchwepheshe, nezenhlalo eyayizoshintsha umlando wesintu.
IMesophothamiya, indawo okwazalelwa kuyo amaSumer, yashiya uphawu olungenakucimeka emhlabeni. Impumelelo yabo iyaqhubeka nokugqugquzela kanye nokwethuka, kusikhumbuza ngamakhono amangalisayo omqondo womuntu.
Ngemva kokufunda nge-Fall of Sumer, funda mayelana I-Epic of Gilgamesh: Ukugcwaliseka okukhulu kokufa kukaGilgamesh, bese ufunda mayelana I-Uruk: Idolobha lokuqala lempucuko yabantu elashintsha umhlaba ngolwazi lwalo oluthuthukisiwe.
