Uvemvane lungenye yezinambuzane ezinhle nezithandwa kakhulu emhlabeni, kodwa kuncane okwaziwayo ngokuthi lwavelaphi nokuthi lwavela kanjani.
Muva nje, ososayensi baye bakha kabusha isihlahla sovemvane esikhulu kunazo zonke ezake zaba khona, esilethe ukuqonda okusha ngozalo lwalezi zidalwa.
Lolu cwaningo lubonise ukuthi izimvemvane zokuqala zavela kumabhu asendulo eNyakatho Melika cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-100 edlule.
IPangaea, izwekazi elikhulu, yayihlukana phakathi ngaleso sikhathi, futhi iNyakatho Melika yahlukaniswa kabili ngenxa yolwandle oluhlukanisa iMpumalanga neNtshonalanga. Izimvemvane zadabuka emaphethelweni asentshonalanga yaleli zwekazi.
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi okwamanje kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zezimvemvane ezingu-20,000, futhi ungazithola kuwo wonke amazwekazi ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica. Nakuba ososayensi babazi ukuthi izimvemvane zaqala nini, babengakaqiniseki ngendawo ezaziphuma kuyo kanye nokudla kwazo kwakudala.
Ososayensi, beholwa ngu-Akito Kawahara, umnakekeli we-Lepidoptera (izimvemvane namabhu) eFlorida Museum of Natural History, bakhe isihlahla sovemvane esisha sokuphila ngokulandelanisa izakhi zofuzo ezingama-391 ezivela ezinhlotsheni zovemvane ezingaphezu kuka-2,300 ezivela emazweni angama-90, okubalelwa kuma-92% aziwayo. isizukulwane.
Abacwaningi bahlanganise idatha esuka emithonjeni eminingi bayibeka kusizindalwazi esisodwa esitholakala esidlangalaleni. Basebenzisa izinsalela zovemvane eziyi-11 ezingavamile njengendinganiso yokuqinisekisa ukuthi amaphuzu egatsha esihlahla sabo sokuphila ahambisana nesikhathi sokuhlanganisana esiboniswa izinsalela. “Lolu wucwaningo olunzima kunawo wonke engake ngaba yingxenye yawo, futhi kwadingeka umzamo omkhulu kubantu emhlabeni wonke ukuze siphothule,” ngokusho kukaKawahara.
Okutholakele, kushicilelwe ngoMeyi 15 kujenali I-Nature Ecology & Evolution, bonisa ukuthi izimvemvane zavela kubanduleli bebhu be-herbivorous ebusuku cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-101.4 edlule. Lokhu kubeka izimvemvane zokuqala maphakathi ne-Cretaceous, okuzenza ziphila ngesikhathi sama-dinosaur.
Izimvemvane zavela futhi zasakazeka kuyo yonke indawo manje eyiNingizimu Melika. Abanye baya e-Antarctica, ngaleso sikhathi eyayifudumele futhi yahlala ixhumene ne-Australia. Zazifike endaweni esenyakatho impela ye-Australia lapho lezi zindawo ezimbili zomhlaba zihlukana, inqubo eyaqala eminyakeni engaba izigidi ezingu-85 edlule.
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Izimvemvane zabe seziwela iBering Land Bridge, eyaqala ukuxhuma iRussia neNyakatho Melika, futhi zafika endaweni manje ebizwa ngokuthi iRussia eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-75-60 edlule.
Ngemva kwalokho bathuthela eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, eMpumalanga Ephakathi, nase-Afrika Horn of Africa. Baze bafika eNdiya, ngaleso sikhathi eyayiyisiqhingi esingasodwa, eminyakeni engaba izigidi ezingu-60 edlule.
Ngokumangazayo, ukwanda kwezimvemvane kuma emaphethelweni eMpumalanga Ephakathi iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-45 kwaze kwaba sekugcineni kwanda eYurophu eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-45-30 edlule ngezizathu ezingachazwanga. NgokukaKawahara, inani eliphansi lezinhlobo zovemvane eYurophu manje uma liqhathaniswa nezinye izifunda zomhlaba libonisa lokhu kumiswa.
Ukuhlolwa kwamarekhodi angu-31,456 ezitshalo ezibamba uvemvane kwathola ukuthi izimvemvane zakuqala zazidla izitshalo zendumba. Imidumba idlangile cishe kuyo yonke i-ecosystem, nokho, iningi lazo alinazo izithako ezinamandla zokuvikela ekuphakeleni izinambuzane. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi lezi zici yizo ezigcine izimvemvane zidla imidumba izigidi zeminyaka.
Namuhla, izimvemvane zidla izitshalo ezivela emindenini eminingi yezitshalo, kodwa iningi linamathela emndenini owodwa wezitshalo. Cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zazo zonke izinhlobo eziphilayo zidla emndenini owodwa wesitshalo, ikakhulukazi imindeni kakolweni nemidumba. Ngokumangalisayo, ukhokho ovamile wakamuva we-legumes uneminyaka engaba yizigidi ezingu-98 ubudala, cishe ehambisana nemvelaphi yezimvemvane.
Sengiphetha, isihlahla sovemvane esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni siye savumela ososayensi ukuba bakhe kabusha umlando othakazelisayo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo wezimvemvane. Kuyamangaza ukucabanga ukuthi izimvemvane zokuqala zavela eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-100 edlule endaweni manje ebizwa ngokuthi i-Central and North America.
Ucwaningo lusinika ingcebo yolwazi mayelana nomlando wokuvela kwezimvemvane namabhu futhi lusisiza ukuthi siqonde kangcono izidalwa ezihlukahlukene nezinhle esizibona zindiza ezisizungezile.
Njengoba siqhubeka nokufunda okwengeziwe ngomlando wabo kanye nezindawo zabo zokuhlala zamanje, singasebenzela ekuzivikeleni nasekuzilondolozeleni ukuze izizukulwane ezizayo zizijabulele.
