Cabanga nje uthola umhubhe oyimfihlo ofihlwe ngaphansi kwezindawo zakudala nezingaqondakali zokuvubukula emhlabeni. Yilokho kanye okwenzeka edolobheni laseMexico iTeotihuacán. Ukutholakala kwemihubhe eyimfihlo kwaletha injabulo entsha kanye nozungu esizeni esivele sithakazelisa.
I-Teotihuacán ithathwa njengelinye lamadolobha abaluleke kakhulu angaphambi kwe-Columbian Mesoamerican, aqala ngo-400 BCE. Ngamaphiramidi ayo amade, imidwebo yasezindongeni eyinkimbinkimbi, nezinto zobuciko eziyingqayizivele, i-Teotihuacán sekuyisikhathi eside ithatha umcabango wezazi-mlando kanye nezihambi ngokufanayo. Futhi-ke, ngokutholwa kwemihubhe eyimfihlo, i-mystique yesayithi yajula kuphela. Ngakho yiziphi izimfihlo ezingase zigcinwe yile mihubhe? Ubani owawakha, futhi kungani afihlwa isikhathi eside kangaka? Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola ukutholakala okuthakazelisayo kwamathaneli ayimfihlo e-Teotihuacán kanye nezimfihlakalo ezingaphakathi.
Idolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán
Idolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán, elibizwa ngokuthi “indawo yokuhlala onkulunkulu” ngolimi lwasendulo lwesiNahuatl, lake laba umnyombo wombuso. Cishe abantu abangu-200,000 kucatshangwa ukuthi babehlala lapho phakathi kuka-100 no-700 AD, kuze kube yilapho izakhamuzi zakhona ziyiphakamisa ngendlela engaqondakali. Idolobha lahlala liphelele, kodwa okuningi akwaziwa ngabantu bakhona, ukuthi ukuphila kwachuma kanjani lapho nokuthi ubani owayesesikhundleni sokubusa. Okunye okungaziwa ukuthi amandla adluliselwa ngozalo lwamakhosi yini noma ukuthi umbusi wayeyinkosi enkulu yini.
Ngenxa yomswakama obuningi nodaka endaweni, kumbalwa okuzanyiwe ukumbiwa kule ndawo. AbaseSpain benza kanjalo ekhulwini le-17, kodwa ayizange ithuthuke ngempela kwaze kwaba sekhulwini lama-20.
Kutholwe imigudu engaphansi komhlaba eyimfihlo e-Teotihuacán
Abacwaningi bathola imigudu emikhulu emithathu emhubheni eTeotihuacán, eyodwa ingaphansi kwePyramid of the Sun, enye ingaphansi kwePyramid of the Moon, nenye ngaphansi kwePyramid Yenyoka Enezimpiko (Ithempeli laseQuetzacoátl); owokugcina uthakazelisa ngempela:
Imigudu engaphansi kwePyramid of the Sun
Ngo-1959, umvubukuli uRene Millon kanye nethimba lakhe labacwaningi babengabanye bamaqembu okuqala abavubukuli abafunda uhlelo lomhubhe ngaphansi kwePyramid of the Sun - iphiramidi enkulu kunazo zonke eMesoamerica. Nakuba eminye yale mihubhe yenziwa ngemva kokuwa kweTeotihuacan nama-Aztec, yagcina ixhumene nemihubhe nemigede eyenziwa ngezikhathi zalezi zimpucuko.
Uphenyo oluholwa nguMillon luveze ukuthi iningi lemigudu eyinhloko yavalwa, nokuthi lokhu bekunenhloso noma cha kuncike ekuchazeni. Imigudu engaphansi kombhoshongo yayikhothoza izingcezu zobumba, iziko, nezinye izinto ezenziwe ngobunono ezivela kwamanye amasiko ezazibonisa ubufakazi kwenye indawo eTeotihuacán.
UMillon nethimba lakhe ekugcineni baphetha ngocwaningo lwabo kanye nemizamo yokumba ukuthi umbhoshongo wakhiwa ngokuqhubekayo ngezikhathi ezihlukahlukene abantu baseTeotihuacán, noma ukuthi wonke umbhoshongo wakhiwa ngesikhathi esisodwa nesisekelo sawo kanye nesistimu yomhume. ngokwehlukana esikhathini sangaphambili. Ukuhlukaniswa kwezikhathi kungenxa yamasiko ahlukene anethonya elizwakalayo kuma-artifact atholakala emhubheni ngaphansi kwephiramidi.
Ngo-1971, umvubukuli u-Ernesto Taboada wathola indawo yokungena emgodini ongamamitha ayisikhombisa ukujula ngaphansi kwezitebhisi ezinkulu zePyramid of the Sun. Imigede nezinhlelo zomhubhe ngaphansi kwephiramidi zaphenywa ngabavubukuli abahlukahlukene abaye baphetha ngokuthi le migede yayingcwele kulabo baseTeotihuacan ngendlela efanayo nemihume eyayibalulekile ngokwesiko eMesoamerica.
Imithombo ehlukahlukene ikhomba emibonweni ehlukene yezincazelo zokuthi kungani iPyramid of the Sun yakhiwe nokuthi izinhlelo zomhume ngaphansi kwawo zisho ukuthini ngokweqiniso ngabantu namasiko aseTeotihuacán. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi lomhubhe wawusetshenziselwa imikhosi yenkolo, kanti abanye bakholelwa ukuthi wawuyindlela yokubalekela yababusi baleli dolobha.
Igumbi eliyimfihlo nomhubhe ngaphansi kwePyramid of the Moon
Abavubukuli baseMexico National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) kanye ne-National Autonomous University of Mexico bahlole indawo ye-Plaza of the Moon kanye nePyramid of the Moon - iphiramidi yesibili ngobukhulu eMesoamerica - ngoJuni 2017.
Manje sebeqinisekisile ukuthi kukhona negumbi elingamamitha ayisishiyagalombili (26 ft.) ngaphansi kwePyramid of the Moon. Inobubanzi obungamamitha angu-15 (49 ft.), ixhumeka emhubheni ophumela eningizimu ye-Plaza of the Moon, futhi ingase ibe nomnyango osentshonalanga ongena ekamelweni futhi. Lokhu okutholakele kubonisa ukuthi abantu baseTeotihuacan balandele iphethini yomhubhe efanayo ezikhumbuzo zabo ezinkulu.
Umhubhe ongaphansi Kwephiramidi Yenyoka Enezimpiko (Ithempeli laseQuetzacoátl)
Umvubukuli uSergio Gomez, owasebenza ekulondolozweni kweThempeli laseQuetzalcoatl - iphiramidi lesithathu ngobukhulu eMesoamerica - ngo-2003, wathola umhubhe noJulie Gazzola ngemuva kwesiphepho esinamandla, esathatha izinsuku eziningi. Umgodi wokucwilisa ocishe ube ngamamitha amathathu ububanzi wavuleka phansi ethempelini Lenyoka Enezimpiko kwathi lapho uphenywa ngethoshi nentambo kwatholakala kuwumgodi owenziwe umuntu. Phansi komphini kwakunomhubhe ovinjwe amatshe amakhulu nhlangothi zombili.
Izithombe zokuqala zokumba zathathwa irobhothi elincane elilawulwa kude, nakuba elikutholile kanye nezinto zobuciko zangempela ezitholiwe kuthakazelisa ngendlela efanayo!
Kuye kwatholakala izinto zobuciko ezingaphezu kuka-75,000 1.5 ngenkathi kuhlolwa lo mhubhe oholela emakamelweni ayimfihlo angaphansi komhlaba, kuhlanganise nezinto ezifana nesifihla-buso sokhuni esinamekwe nge-jade ne-quartz, amazinyo engwenya e-greenstone, ibhokisi lamaphiko ebhungane namakhulu ezimbulunga zensimbi. Lawa mabhola angaqondakali ayehluka ngosayizi ukusuka ku-5 "kuya ku-XNUMX" futhi ayenziwe ngomgogodla wobumba futhi embozwe nge-jarosite ephuzi eyakhiwe kusukela ku-oxidization ye-pyrite. Lezi zimbulunga zaziyocwebezela njengegolide lapho zidalwa. Ukusetshenziswa kanye nencazelo yala mabhola amancane egolide namanje akwaziwa ngokuphelele.
Ekupheleni kwalo mhubhe, kwatholakala ikamelo elimelela umhlaba ongaphansi komhlaba. Leli gumbi elingaphansi kwesikhungo sephiramidi laliqukethe indawo encane enamachibi e-liquid mercury emelela amachibi. Izindonga nophahla kwakuhlotshiswe ngezimpushana zamaminerali (i-hematite, i-pyrite, ne-magnetite) ukudala umphumela omangalisayo wokuma ngaphansi kwezinkanyezi ebusuku.
Ithempeli laseQuetzalcoatl liyindawo yezivakashi zangempela futhi liye labhekana nokuwohloka ngokushesha ngenxa yokugcwala kwezimoto njalo. Imizamo yokulondoloza imvelo yenziwa ngokuqhubekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuvikelwa kwayo. Umhubhe ongaphansi kwawo usagejwa cishe yingakho izivakashi zingakavunyelwa. Okuningi okutholakele kwenziwa kwatholakala ngo-2017 embukisweni omkhulu eDe Young Museum eSan Fransisco, eCalifornia.
Amazwi wokugcina
Ubukhona bemigudu eyimfihlo enhliziyweni yedolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán sekuyisikhathi eside kuyimfihlakalo. Akekho owazi kahle ukuthi le mihubhe yakhiwa kanjani, nokuthi kungani yakhiwe noma okungenzeka ukuthi yasetshenziselwa. Kungenzeka ukuthi le mihubhe yayisetshenziswa abapristi ukuze bahambe ngasese phakathi kwamathempeli amakhulu, kodwa abukho ubufakazi obutholakele obusekela lokho kushiwo.
Izazi zemivubukulo manje zithi le migudu yomibili iyisizinda somkhosi nesiko. Nakuba kungekho bufakazi bokuthi abapristi baseTeotihuacan bawasebenzisa ngenjongo efanayo nabapristi baseChichen Itza eMexico, ukufanekisa okufanayo. Le mihubhe kucatshangwa ukuthi ingamathuna abantu basendulo. Ngokwesibonelo, abavubukuli bathola ugebhezi, amathambo namathuluzi emhubheni okungenzeka ukuthi wawusetshenziswa abapristi baseTeotihuacan.
Ngamanye amazwi, ucwaningo oluningi lwemivubukulo lusadingeka kule ndawo yasendulo ukuze kwembule ulwazi oluthakazelisayo ngale mihubhe engaqondakali kanye nenjongo yayo yangempela.
