Zibone ngeso lengqondo ufica imfucumfucu engaqondakali engase ibhale kabusha umlando ngendlela esiwazi ngayo. Yilokho kanye okwenzeka kumzingeli wezinsalela zasendulo uFrank Tully ngo-1958 lapho ethola i- izinsalela ezingavamile lokho kwakuzokwaziwa ngokuthi i-Tully Monster. Igama lilodwa lizwakala njengokuthile okuphuma ku-movie ethusayo noma inoveli yenganekwane yesayensi, kodwa iqiniso lalesi sidalwa lithakazelisa kakhulu kunalokho elikusikisela igama laso.
Ukutholwa kwe-Tully Monster
Ngo-1958, indoda okuthiwa uFrancis Tully yayizingela izinsalela emayini yamalahle eduze kwedolobha laseMorris, e-Illinois. Wathi esamba wazithela phezu kwensalela engaziwa angayibonanga. Ifosili yayicishe ibe ngamasentimitha angu-11 ubude futhi inomzimba omude, omncane, ikhala elicijile, kanye nezakhiwo ezimbili ezingathi itende ngaphambi komzimba wayo.
U-Tully wathatha i-fossil waya nayo I-Field Museum e-Chicago, lapho ososayensi babedidekile ngokulinganayo isidalwa esiyinqaba. Bayiqamba igama I-Tullimonstrum Gregarium, noma iSilo saseTully, sokuhlonipha umtholi wayo.
Sekungamashumi eminyaka, i-Tully Monster iseyimpicabadala yesayensi
Ulwandle luwumhlaba omkhulu futhi ongaqondakali, ikhaya lezidalwa ezithakazelisayo nezingaqondakali emhlabeni. Phakathi kwalezi kukhona iSilo saseTully, esidide ososayensi nabathandi basolwandle amashumi eminyaka. Ngokubukeka kwayo okuyingqayizivele kanye nemvelaphi yangaphambi komlando, iSilo saseTully sithathe umcabango wabaningi futhi siyisihloko sempikiswano enkulu phakathi kwabacwaningi. Iminyaka eminingi, ososayensi bebengakwazi ukuthola ukuthi sasiluhlobo luni lwesidalwa noma ukuthi sasiphila kanjani. Kwaze kwaze kwaba ngu-2016, ngemva kweminyaka yocwaningo nokuhlaziya, lapho ucwaningo oluyimpumelelo lwagcina lukhanyisela izinsalela ezingaqondakali.
Ngakho-ke iyini ngempela iMonster yaseTully?
I-Tully Monster, eyaziwa nangokuthi I-Tullimonstrum Gregarium, kuwuhlobo lwezilwane zasolwandle ezingasekho ezaziphila phakathi nenkathi Isikhathi seCarboniferous, eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingu-307 edlule. Kuyisilwane esinomzimba othambile okukholakala ukuthi sifinyelele ubude obungafika kumasentimitha angu-14 (35 cm), sinomzimba omncane omise okwe-U ohlukile kanye nokunwetshwa okufana nekhala okuphumayo okuqukethe amehlo nomlomo waso. Ngokocwaningo lwango-2016, kufana ne- izilwane ezinomgogodla, efana nenhlanzi engenamhlathi njenge isibani. I-vertebrate isilwane esinethambo langemuva noma uqwanga olumbozwe umgogodla.
Izici ze-Tully Monster
Isici esiphawuleka kakhulu seSilo saseTully umzimba waso omude, omncane, ombozwe isikhumba esiqinile, esinesikhumba. Inekhala elicijile, amehlo amabili amakhulu, nomsila omude ogobekayo. Ngaphambili komzimba wayo, inezakhiwo ezimbili ezinde, ezacile ezifana netende okucatshangwa ukuthi zisetshenziselwe ukubamba inyamazane.
Esinye sezici ezithakazelisa kakhulu ze-Tully Monster umlomo wayo. Ngokungafani nezilwane eziningi eziphila nomgogodla, ezinomlomo kanye nesakhiwo somhlathi ochazwe ngokucacile, umlomo weSilo i-Tully uvula imbobo encane, eyindilinga etholakala ekugcineni kwekhala layo. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi lesi sidalwa kungenzeka sasebenzisa umzimba waso omude, oguquguqukayo ukuze sifinyelele futhi sibambe isisulu saso ngaphambi kokusibuyisela emlonyeni waso.
Ukubaluleka emphakathini wesayensi
Sekungamashumi eminyaka, ukuhlukaniswa kwe-Tully Monster kuseyimpicabadala. Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi kwakuwuhlobo lwesikelemu noma i-slug, kuyilapho abanye becabanga ukuthi ingase ihlobene ne-squid noma ama-octopus. Nokho, ngo-2016, ithimba labacwaningi abavela eNyuvesi yaseLeicester e-UK yasebenzisa isibonakhulu se-electron yokuskena ukuze ihlole izinsalela zamathambo ngokuningiliziwe.
Njengoba ukuhlaziya kwabo kwembula ukuthi i-Tully Monster empeleni yayiyisilwane esiphila nomgogodla, futhi cishe ihlobene nezinhlanzi ezingenamhlathi njenge-lamprey, lokhu okutholakele kwavula umnyango omusha wokuba nokwenzeka ekuziphendukeleni kwezilwane ezinomgogodla zakuqala.
I-Tully Monster nayo iyisibonelo esibalulekile sezinhlobo zokuphila eziyingqayizivele futhi ezihlukahlukene ezazikhona ngesikhathi seCarboniferous, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-307 edlule. Lesi sikhathi sathatha cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-359.2 kuya kwezingu-299 edlule ngesikhathi se-Paleozoic Era futhi sabonakala ngokukhula kwezitshalo nezilwane emhlabeni; futhi iNunu YaseTully yayingenye yeziningi izidalwa eziyinqaba nezingavamile eyayizulazula eMhlabeni ngalesi sikhathi.
Luthini ucwaningo lwakamuva kakhulu ngeSilo saseTully?
A isifundo esisha olwenziwa abacwaningi e-University College Cork bathi iSilo esingaqondakali i-Tully kungenzeka ukuthi sasinomgogodla - naphezu koqwanga lwaso oluqinile luhlehle emuva. Baye bafinyelela kulesi siphetho ngemva kokuthola izici ezingavamile ngaphakathi kwamehlo ayo ayizinsalela.
Ngemva kokutadisha amakhemikhali akhona emehlweni esilwane, abacwaningi bathola isilinganiso se-zinc nethusi sasifana kakhulu nesama-invertebrates kunezilwane ezinomgogodla. Ithimba labacwaningi liphinde lathola ukuthi amehlo ensalela aqukethe uhlobo oluhlukile lwekhopha kunalolo lwezilwane ezingenamgogodla zanamuhla ezizifundile - okushiya zingakwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwazo.
Isiphetho
I-Tully Monster isalokhu iyisidalwa esihehayo nesingaqondakali esithathe ukunaka kososayensi nomphakathi amashumi eminyaka. Ukutholakala kwayo kanye nokwahlukaniswa kwayo kunikeze imininingwane emisha ngokuvela kwezilwane ezinomgogodla zakuqala, futhi ukubukeka kwayo okuyingqayizivele kusebenza njengesikhumbuzo izinhlobo ezingavamile nezihlukahlukene zokuphila ezake zazulazula eMhlabeni. Njengoba ososayensi beqhubeka nokutadisha le mfucumfucu eyindida, singase sifunde okwengeziwe ngezimfihlo eziphethe kanye izimfihlakalo zangaphambi komlando kusamele kuvezwe.
