Njengoba sisheshisa izinqubo zethu zansuku zonke, sihlala sibheke kwakamuva kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokuqanjwa okusha, kulula ukukhohlwa izinto ezimangalisayo zokhokho bethu. Iminyaka eyinkulungwane edlule, kudala ngaphambi kokufika kwensimbi, okhokho bethu basendulo benza amanye amathuluzi abukhali futhi anembe kakhulu besebenzisa into ethakazelisayo - i-obsidian. Le nto ye-jet-black yayaziswa imiphakathi yasendulo ngenxa yobukhali nokuqina kwayo.
I-Obsidian yayiyigugu kangangokuthi yayithengiswa phakathi kwemiphakathi ekude, futhi kwaliwa izimpi ngayo. Kodwa, ngokungafani nezinye izinto zobuciko zasendulo, i-obsidian ayizange ilahlekelwe ukubaluleka kwayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kuyathakazelisa ukucabanga ukuthi leli tshe lasendulo lisasetshenziswa nanamuhla, futhi indaba yalo isaqhubeka nokuxoxwa.
Umlando wamathuluzi we-obsidian
Ukusetshenziswa kwakuqala okurekhodiwe kwe-obsidian kungalandelelwa emuva eKariandusi, Kenya, nakwezinye izindawo zeminyaka ye-Acheulian, ehlehlela emuva ku-700,000 BC. Kodwa-ke, izinto ezimbalwa kuphela zalesi sikhathi ziye zavela ngokuphathelene nenkathi ye-Neolithic.
Ukukhiqizwa kwama-obsidian bladelets e-Lipari kwase kufinyelele izinga eliphezulu lokunemba ngasekupheleni kwe-Neolithic futhi kwahwetshwa ngaphesheya kweSicily, i-southern Po river Valley, kanye ne-Croatia. Ama-Obsidian bladelets ayesetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokusoka kanye nokusikwa kwezintambo zomntwana osanda kuzalwa. Amarekhodi aveza ukuthi imithombo ye-Anatolian ye-obsidian yasetshenziswa e-Levant ne-Iraqi yanamuhla Kurdistan kusukela cishe ngo-12,500 BC. Izinsalela ze-Obsidian zivame kakhulu e-Tell Brak, esinye sezikhungo zasemadolobheni zakuqala e-Mesopotamia, kusukela ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yesihlanu BC.
Ngemva Iminyaka yamatshe, lapho umhlaba uqala ukushintsha ngokusetshenziswa kwethusi, ithusi, nensimbi yezikhali nemiphakathi ethuthukisiwe, ama-Aztec awazange azithathe kalula izikhali zensimbi. Sasingekho isidingo, njengoba babephethe obsidian ezandleni zabo.
AmaNdiya aseMeya kuthiwa asebenzisa ama-obsidian blades asezingeni eliphezulu eminyakeni eyi-2,500 edlule. Njengoba i-obsidian izophuka ize ibe i-athomu eyodwa, kuthiwa inonqenqema lokusika olubukhali izikhathi ezingamakhulu amahlanu kunensimbi ebukhali kakhulu, futhi ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu sokukhulisa ukuphakama i-obsidian blade isabonakala ibushelelezi, kuyilapho insimbi yensimbi inesaha elifana nomphetho. .
Ama-Aztec awadala kanjani noma awalolonge kanjani amathuluzi nezikhali ezenziwe nge-obsidian?
Ama-Aztec kwakungadingeki ukuba enze i-obsidian; ingathengwa kalula. I-Obsidian iwuhlobo lwengilazi ekhona ngokwemvelo oluvela lapho udaka, luphuma ekuqhumeni kwentaba-mlilo, luqina ngokushesha, okuholela ekubumbeni okuncane kuya kokungabikho kwekristalu.
Uhlobo oluthile lwe-lava olubhekele ukwakheka kwe-obsidian lubizwa ngokuthi i-felsic lava. Lolu hlobo lwe-lava lubonakala ngobuningi bezinto ezingasindi ezifana ne-oxygen, i-potassium, i-sodium, i-silicon, ne-aluminium. Ukuba khona kwe-silica ngaphakathi kwe-lava kubangela i-viscosity ephezulu, evimbela ukusakazeka kwama-athomu ngaphakathi kwe-lava.
Lesi senzakalo sokusakazeka kwe-athomu siqala ukunyakaza kwesigaba sokuqala sokwakheka kwekristalu yamaminerali, okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-nucleation. Njengoba udaka luphola ngokushesha, lushintsha lube obsidian, ingilazi yentaba-mlilo enhle nephilayo. Le nqubo iwumphumela wenkathi yokupholisa okusheshayo, okudala ukuthungwa okuyingilazi okungenakho ukwakheka kwekristalu. Lesi sigameko semvelo siwumphumela othokozisayo womsebenzi wokwakheka komhlaba wokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo.
I-Obsidian inekhwalithi eyivelakancane yokufana namaminerali kodwa hhayi eyodwa ngokuphelele, njengoba yakha ingilazi hhayi into ecwebezelayo. Lesi sici esihlukile siyenza ihluke kwamanye amaminerali, igqame njengesici sayo esiwuchazayo. Ukubukeka okupholishelwe kakhulu, okucwebezelayo kwe-obsidian emsulwa kuwumphumela wokuthungwa kwengilazi, okubonisa ukukhanya ngokukhazimulayo njengoba ubuso bayo bubenyezela ngokujabula.
Kodwa-ke, umbala we-obsidian uyahlukahluka njengoba ukhona ngezindlela ezihlukene, uzethula ngokwama-hues ahlukene, imibala, kanye nokuthungwa okuncike ekubeni khona kokungcola okufana nensimbi noma i-magnesium ngaphakathi kodaka. Lokhu kungaveza amathunzi ombala oluhlaza okotshani, onsundu, noma omnyama, ongase ubonakale unamabala noma unemithende, okwengeze ubuciko bobuciko ekubukekeni kwamaminerali.
Ezikhalini, i-obsidian emsulwa ibonisa ingaphandle layo elimnyama nelicwebezelayo, okusikhumbuza phakathi kwamabili nobuhle obuyimfihlakalo. Lokhu kuthuthukisa ngokwengeziwe ukukhanga kwale mineral futhi kuyenza ibe itshe eliyigugu elithakazelisayo elifunwa abaningi.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-obsidian kusukela enkathini yangaphambi komlando kuya esikhathini samanje
Ngezikhathi ze-Neolithic, trepanation - noma ukubhoboza imbobo ogebhezini - kwakucatshangwa ukuthi kuyikhambi layo yonke into kusukela esithuthwaneni kuya ekhanda elinkenkethayo. Bekungaba wukuhlinza okuphuthumayo kwamanxeba okulwa. Kodwa ngenkathi kukhona namanje ukucabanga mayelana nezizathu zangempela ngemuva kwenqubo engaqondakali, okwaziwayo ukuthi into esetshenziswayo evame ukusetshenziswa ukwenza ukuhlinzwa kwakudala yenziwa ngenye yezinto ezibukhali kakhulu ezitholakala emvelweni: i-obsidian.
I-Obsidian ingakhiqiza imiphetho yokusika izikhathi eziningi ukudlula ngisho nezikali zensimbi ezihamba phambili. Kuma-angstrom angu-30 - iyunithi yokulinganisa elingana nengxenye yesigidi sesentimitha - i-obsidian scalpel ingaqhudelana nedayimane ekupheleleni konqenqema lwalo.
Uma ucabangela ukuthi izinsingo eziningi zasendlini zingama-angstrom angu-300 kuya kwangu-600, i-obsidian isengakwazi ukuyisika ngezinto ezibukhali kakhulu ezingakhiqizwa yi-nanotechnology. Nanamuhla, inombolo encane yodokotela abahlinzayo basebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe bakudala (yize i-US FDA ingakagunyazi ukusetshenziswa kwama-obsidian blades ekuhlinzeni abantu ngenxa yemvelo yabo eqinile kanye nengozi enkulu yokuphuka uma kuqhathaniswa nezinsimbi zensimbi zendabuko) ukuze benze imisila emihle abathi bapholise ngayo. isibazi esincane.
Ngamanye amazwi, imimese ye-obsidian ibukhali kangangokuthi isika ezingeni lamaselula. Ngenxa yalokhu, uma isetshenziswa emkhakheni wezokwelapha, izibazi ezenziwe ngensingo zilulama ngokushesha ngezibazi ezincane. Futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, bahlala bebukhali ngisho nangemva kokungcwatshwa emhlabathini iminyaka eyizinkulungwane. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo okuphawulekayo kusikhumbuza ukuthi izindlela zobuciko ezindala kakhulu zisenayo indawo ezweni lethu lanamuhla.
I-obsidian ingaba kanjani bushelelezi futhi ibukhali kunensimbi ecijile?
Insimbi cishe njalo yakhiwa amakristalu amaningi ahlukene (izinhlamvu ezincane), kuneyodwa enkulu. Lapho insimbi iphuka, ivamise ukuphuka ngokuhlangana okungalingani phakathi kwamakristalu ahlukene. I-Obsidian iqukethe cishe awekho amakristalu amakhulu ngokwanele ukuthi athinte izakhiwo zokuphuka kwempahla futhi kungenxa yalesi sizathu iphuka kahle futhi ngokucijile. Ngenxa yokuthi i-obsidian ayinawo amakristalu, ayinqamuki emigqeni yobuthakathaka ezintweni, ivele iqhekeke emigqeni yokucindezeleka okubangele ukuphuka.
Yingakho futhi i-obsidian nezinye izinto ezifanayo zibonisa i-conchoidal fractures. Uma ubheka ukwakheka kwe-obsidian ethile ephukile, ubheka ukuma kwe-shockwave eyiqhekezile. Uma ubheka ukuma kwensimbi ethile ephukile, ubheka ngokwengxenye ukuma kwe-shockwave eyaphuka, kodwa ikakhulukazi emigqeni yobuthakathaka phakathi kokungapheleli kwensimbi kanye nokuhlangana phakathi kwamakristalu ayo.
Uma kungenzeka ukulola insimbi ngobunono ngokwanele ukuze ingabangeli ukuphuka, amandla amancane azokwanela ukukhipha amakristalu angasekelwe endaweni. Uma ulola insimbi ukuze unqenqema lwayo lube luncane kunosayizi wekristalu, akukho okuningi okubambe amakristalu onqenqema endaweni njengoba engasakhiyiwe phakathi. Ngakho-ke, cishe akunakwenzeka.
Isiphetho
Njengoba sicabanga ngokuqina okumangalisayo nobukhali be-obsidian, sisala sizibuza ngefa elihlala njalo lokhokho bethu basendulo. Kusukela kumaNdiya aseMeya kuya kubazingeli bemikhonto be-Stone Age, ubuhlakani obumangalisayo kanye nokusha kokhokho bethu kubonakala ekusetshenzisweni kwaleli thuluzi elihlaba umxhwele nelisebenza ngempumelelo.
Namuhla, siyaqhubeka nokuthembela ku-obsidian njengesisetshenziswa esibalulekile, simangala ngekhono layo lokulondoloza unqenqema oluphakeme kakhulu kunama-blades ensimbi athuthuke kakhulu. Njengoba sihlonipha ubuhlakani balabo abeza ngaphambi kwethu, siyakhunjuzwa futhi ngokubaluleka kokubheka okwedlule ukuze uthole isiqondiso, ugqozi, kanye namathuluzi esiwadingayo ukuze silolonge ikusasa elingcono.
