Indaba ka-Endurance kanye nomholi wayo odumile, uSir Ernest Shackleton, ingenye yezinganekwane ezimangalisayo zokusinda nokubekezela emlandweni. Ngo-1914, uShackleton waqala uhambo lokunqamula izwekazi lase-Antarctic ngezinyawo, kodwa umkhumbi wakhe, i-Endurance, wavaleleka eqhweni futhi ekugcineni waphihlizeka. Okwalandela kwaba uhambo olunzima lwezinyanga ezingu-21 lokusinda njengoba uShackleton nethimba lakhe babekhuthazelela izimo obungenakuzicabanga, ezihlanganisa amazinga okushisa ashubisa umnkantsha, isiphepho esinamandla, nosongo oluqhubekayo lwendlala, okwaholela ekufeni kwabo.
Kukho konke, u-Shackleton wazibonakalisa engumholi wangempela, egcina iqembu lakhe likhuthazekile futhi linethemba lapho libhekene nobunzima obukhulu. Indaba ye-Endurance igqugquzele izizukulwane zabathandi bemidlalo kanye nabaholi ngokufanayo, futhi iwubufakazi bamandla okuqina nokuzimisela lapho kubhekene nezinselele ongazicabangeli.
Indaba ka-Endurance: Icebo lika-Shackleton lokuvelela
Indaba ihlelwe ekuqaleni kwawo-1900, isikhathi lapho ukuhlola kwakusezingeni eliphezulu futhi umjaho wokuthola amazwe amasha nokuphusha imingcele yolwazi lomuntu wawusubambile. Kulo mongo, uhambo luka-Shackleton lokuya e-Antarctica ngo-1914 lwabonwa njengohambo olunesibindi kanye nomsebenzi wesayensi obaluleke kakhulu.
Indaba ye-Endurance iqala ngesu lika-Shackleton lokufisa ukuhola ithimba lamadoda angu-28 ohambweni lokuwela i-Antarctica, lisuka oLwandle iWeddell liye oLwandle iRoss, lidlule eSouth Pole. Wayezimisele ngokuba ngowokuqala ukuwela izwekazi ngezinyawo. Amalungu eqembu lakhe ayekhethwe ngokucophelela ngenxa yamakhono awo nobungcweti emikhakheni eyahlukene, kusukela ekuthuthweni kwemikhumbi kuya ekubeniza, futhi aye aqeqeshwa kanzima ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi alungele uhambo olungaphambili.
Amadoda amangalisayo ajoyine u-Shackleton ohambweni lwakhe
Uhambo luka-Ernest Shackleton lokuya e-Antarctic lungenye yezinganekwane zokusinda nokuzimisela emlandweni wesintu. Kodwa uShackleton wayengeke akwenze eyedwa. Wayedinga ithimba lamadoda anesibindi nanekhono ukuze amjoyine kulolu hambo olumangalisayo.
Ilungu ngalinye le Iqembu likaShackleton babenamakhono nezimfanelo zabo eziyingqayizivele ezabasiza ukuba basinde ezimweni ezinzima zase-Antarctica. Kusukela etilosini elingumakadebona uFrank Worsley, elaliqondisa umkhumbi emanzini akhohlisayo, kuya kumbazi uHarry McNish, owasebenzisa amakhono akhe ukuze akhele izisebenzi zesikhashana umpheme, indoda ngayinye yayinendima ebalulekile okufanele iyidlale.
Amanye amalungu eqembu ahlanganisa uTom Crean, indoda enamandla nethembekile eyasiza ekudonseni isikebhe sokusindisa eqhweni, noFrank Wild, umhloli wamazwe ongumakad’ ebona owake wahamba noShackleton ohambweni lwakhe lukaNimrod. Kwakukhona no-James Francis Hurley, umthwebuli wezithombe wohambo olwathatha izithombe ezinhle zohambo, kanye no-Thomas Orde-Lees, uchwepheshe wohambo lwezimoto nomgcini wesitolo owagcina izisebenzi zihlinzekwa ngezinto ezibalulekile.
Naphezu kwezizinda zabo ezihlukene nobuntu, izisebenzi ze-Endurance zaba ndawonye naphezu kobunzima obukhulu. Basebenza ngokuzikhandla ukuze baphile, besekelana phakathi nezinyanga ezinde zobumnyama nokuhlukaniswa. Isibindi sabo, ukuzimisela, nomoya wabo wokungantengi okwenza uhambo lukaShackleton oluya e-Antarctic lwaba indaba emangalisayo yokukhuthazela komuntu.
Uhambo oluyingqophamlando lwase-Shackleton
Ngesasasa elikhulu nesasasa, lolu hambo oluyingqophamlando lwaqalwa ngo-December 1914, lusuka esiteshini sokudoba imikhomo e-Grytviken esiqhingini saseNingizimu Georgia. Kodwa ngokushesha kwaphenduka iphupho elibi njengoba i-Endurance ihlangana neqhwa elisindayo ngokungavamile elanciphisa inqubekelaphambili yalo, futhi ekugcineni, umkhumbi wavaleleka eqhweni.
Naphezu kokuphazamiseka, u-Shackleton wahlala ezimisele ukuqedela uhambo - ukuze aphile. Yena nethimba lakhe bachitha izinyanga eqhweni, bebekezelela amazinga okushisa ashubisa umnkantsha, imimoya enamandla nezinto ezinciphayo. Babengenayo indlela yokwazi ukuthi babeyosindiswa nini, noma ukuthi bayosindiswa nini.
Kodwa uShackleton wenqaba ukuyeka. Wayegcina ithimba lakhe likhuthazekile futhi ligxile ekusindeni, ukuhlela izinqubo zokuzivocavoca ezivamile, nokusungula isikole sesikhashana ukuze bahlale bematasatasa. Waqinisekisa nokuthi banokudla okwanele nezinto ezizobenza bahlale ebusika.
Babekezelela izimo ezinzima, kuhlanganise neziphepho zeqhwa, izinga lokushisa elibanda kakhulu, nokudla okulinganiselwe. Umkhumbi wawuphihlizwa yiqhwa kancane kancane futhi ekugcineni, ngo-April 1916, kwaba sobala ukuthi i-Endurance yayingeke isasindiswa.
UShackleton wenza isinqumo esinzima sokushiya umkhumbi futhi akanisa endaweni eyiqhwa eseduze. Baphoqeleka ukuthi bathuthuke futhi benze ngalokho ababenakho. Basebenzisa izinto zomkhumbi ukuze bakhe izindawo zokukhosela, futhi basebenzisa ngisho nezikebhe ezintathu zomkhumbi ukuze bahambe phakathi kwezinguzunga zeqhwa. Babenethemba lokuthi i-floe yayizobasondeza kwesinye seziqhingi ezihlukahlukene, futhi ekugcineni bafika e-Elephant Island. Naphezu kwezithiyo, uhambo lukaShackleton lwalusekude ukuphela. Yena nethimba lakhe basenendaba emangalisayo yokuphila phambi kwabo.
Impi yokugcina yokuphila
Naphezu kwezimo eziyinselele ezingenakwenzeka, u-Shackleton waqhubeka ezolile futhi egxile ekugcineni ithimba lakhe liphila. Wayezimisele ngokubabuyisela ekhaya bonke bephephile. Kodwa ngemva kokubhuntsha komsebenzi wokuqala wokuhlenga, uShackleton manje walangazelela ukuthola usizo lwezisebenzi zakhe ezazivaleleke e-Elephant Island.
Waqaphela ukuthi okuwukuphela kwethemba lakhe kwakuwukunqamula emanzini anobuqili naneqhwa eSouthern Ocean ukuze afinyelele iziteshi zomkhomo eSouth Georgia Island, ebangeni elingaphezu kwamamayela angu-800. Ngomhla zingama-24 kuMbasa, 1916, uShackleton namadoda akhe amahlanu anekhono, okuhlanganisa uTom Crean noFrank Worsley, baqala uhambo olunzima ngendlela emangalisayo e-James Caird, isikebhe sokuphila esingamamitha angu-23 esasingakwazi ukuhamba kahle emanzini.
Lo mlenze wohambo wawuwuvivinyo lwangempela lokukhuthazela, namadoda alwa nezivunguvungu ezinamandla, amagagasi amakhulu, namakhaza ashubisa umnkantsha. Kwadingeka bakhiphe amanzi ayehlala egcwele isikebhe futhi kwadingeka bahambe phakathi kwezintaba zeqhwa ezazingagingqika kalula umkhumbi wabo omncane. Babehlale bemanzi, begodola, futhi belambile, bephila ngokudla kancane amabhisikidi nenyama yemvubu.
Naphezu kwazo zonke lezi zinselele, uShackleton namadoda akhe bagcina befikile esiqhingini saseSouth Georgia, kodwa nalapho, uhambo lwabo lwalungakapheli; babengasohlangothini olungalungile lwesiqhingi. Ngakho-ke, kwakusadingeka bawele izintaba ezinobuqili nezinguzunga zeqhwa ukuze bafinyelele endaweni yokudoba imikhomo ngaphesheya. UShackleton nabanye ababili, uCrean noWorsley, bawenza lo msebenzi oyingozi ngentambo kuphela nembazo yeqhwa.
Ngemva kohambo olunzima lwamahora angu-36, ngoMeyi 10, bagcina befikile esiteshini futhi ngokushesha bakwazi ukuhlela umsebenzi wokuhlenga ithimba labo lonke elalivaleleke e-Elephant Island. Ezinyangeni ezintathu ezalandela kwadingeka zenze omunye wemisebenzi emikhulu yokuhlenga emlandweni wesintu.
UShackleton noWorsley benza uhambo oluthathu ngemikhumbi ehlukene eyayingakwazi ukudlula eqhweni ukuze ifinyelele kuyo. Umzamo wesine, e-Yelcho (ebolekwe uhulumeni waseChile) waba yimpumelelo, futhi wonke amalungu angamashumi amabili nambili eqembu ayesasele e-Elephant Island atakulwa ngokuphepha zingama-30 Agasti 1916 - ezinsukwini ezingu-128 ngemva kokuhamba kukaShackleton eJames. Caird.
Ukulandwa kwangempela kwamadoda ogwini kwenziwa ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka, ngaphambi kokuba iqhwa liphinde livaleke. Kodwa, ngisho nakulokho kuxhamazela, kwaqiniswa ukuba kuqoqwe wonke amarekhodi nezithombe zalolu hambo, njengoba lokhu kwanikeza okuwukuphela kwethemba lokuthi uShackleton uzokhokha izindleko zohambo olungaphumelelanga. Ungabona ezinye izithombe zangempela ezithathwe yiqembu le-Endurance kuvidiyo engezansi:
Indaba ka-Endurance iwubufakazi bomoya womuntu namandla okuzimisela. Naphezu kwezingqinamba ezimangalisayo, uShackleton nethimba lakhe abazange baphele amandla. Babekezela ezimeni ababengasoze bazicabanga futhi ekugcineni, bonke bafika ekhaya ngokuphepha. Indaba yabo iyisikhumbuzo sokubaluleka kokuqina, isibindi, nobuholi lapho sibhekene nobunzima.
Amaqhinga okusinda: U-Shackleton namadoda akhe basinda kanjani eqhweni?
UShackleton nezisebenzi zakhe babhekana nenselele enkulu lapho umkhumbi wabo, i-Endurance, uvaleleke eqhweni izinyanga e-Antarctica. Babevaleleke endaweni enzima benezinto ezilinganiselwe, kungekho ukuxhumana nabangaphandle, futhi kungekho zikhathi ezicacile zokuhlenga. Ukuze asinde, uShackleton kwadingeka athembele ebuhlakanini nasekukhalipheni kwakhe, kanye namandla nokuzimisela kwezisebenzi zakhe.
Elinye lamaqhinga okuqala kaShackleton okusinda kwakuwukusungula izinqubo nokugcina umoya wamadoda akhe uphakeme. Wayazi ukuthi inhlalakahle yabo engokwengqondo nengokomzwelo yayizobaluleka njengempilo yabo engokomzimba ukuze badlule kulobu bunzima. Waphinde wanikeza ilungu ngalinye leqembu imisebenzi ethile kanye nezibopho ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi bonke banomuzwa wenjongo futhi basebenzela ukufeza umgomo ofanayo.
Elinye iqhinga elibalulekile lokusinda kwakuwukonga izinsiza futhi zihlale isikhathi eside ngangokunokwenzeka. Abasebenzi kwadingeka bahlukanisele ukudla namanzi, baze baphendukele nasekudleni izinja zabo eziyisihlibhi ukuze baqhubeke bephila. U-Shackleton naye kwadingeka abe nekhono lokusungula izindlela zokuthola ezinye izinto, njengokuzingela izimvu zamanzi nokudoba olwandle.
Ekugcineni, uShackleton kwadingeka avumelane nezimo futhi azivumelanise nezimo ezishintshayo. Lapho kuba sobala ukuthi ngeke bahlengwe ngokushesha njengoba babefisa, wenza isinqumo esinzima sokuwushiya umkhumbi wahamba ngezinyawo wadabula iqhwa ukuze afinyelele impucuko. Lokhu kwakuhilela ukuwela izindawo ezinobuqili, ukubekezelela izimo zezulu ezimbi, ngisho nokuhamba ngesikebhe esincane olwandle olugubhayo ukuze ufinyelele endaweni yokudoba imikhomo.
Ekugcineni, amaqhinga kaShackleton okusinda athela izithelo, futhi bonke abasebenzi bakhe bahlengwa futhi babuyela ekhaya bephephile. Indaba yabo isibe yisibonelo esidumile sokuqina, isibindi, nobuholi lapho bebhekene nobunzima, futhi isaqhubeka nokukhuthaza abantu kuze kube namuhla.
Kodwa kwenzekani nge-Endurance?
Umkhumbi wawuchotshozwe yiqhwa futhi wawucwila phansi olwandle. Kwaba isiphetho esidabukisayo ngomkhumbi onjalo. Nokho, ngoMashi 2022, abahloli bamazwe baqala ukuthola le ngozi edume kabi. Ithimba lokusesha Ukukhuthazela22 wathola i-Endurance oLwandle iWeddell, isifunda esibizwa nangokuthi “ulwandle olubi kakhulu emhlabeni,” okuyigama eyalithola ngokuba yingozi futhi okunzima ukulithola.
Ukuphahlazeka komkhumbi kwaphumula amamayela angu-4 (amakhilomitha angu-6.4) ukusuka lapho owawugajwe khona yiqhwa, futhi kujule ngamamitha angu-9,869 (amamitha angu-3,008). Naphezu kwakho konke ukuchotshozwa, iqembu lathola ukuthi i-Endurance yayiphelele futhi ilondolozwe ngokuphawulekayo. Ingozi iqokwe njengendawo yomlando evikelwe kanye netshe lesikhumbuzo ngaphansi kwe-Antarctic Treaty System.
Izifundo Zokukhuthazela: Esingakufunda ebuholini bukaShackleton
Ubuholi buka-Ernest Shackleton ohambweni lwe-Endurance buyisibonelo esidumile sendlela umholi omkhulu okufanele abekezele ngayo ebunzimeni futhi agqugquzele iqembu lakhe ukuthi lenze okufanayo. Kusukela ekuqaleni, u-Shackleton wayenemigomo ecacile kanye nohlelo lokuyifinyelela. Nokho, lapho umkhumbi uvaleleka eqhweni, ubuholi bakhe bavivinywa.
Isitayela sobuholi sika-Shackleton sabonakala ngekhono lakhe lokugcina iqembu lakhe ligxile, ligqugquzelekile, futhi linethemba ngisho nasezimweni eziyinselele kakhulu. Wayeyingcweti kwezokuxhumana futhi ekwazi ukuveza okuhle eqenjini lakhe. UShackleton wayehlale ehola ngesibonelo, akakaze acele iqembu lakhe ukuthi lenze into angeke ayenze yena.
Mhlawumbe isifundo esibaluleke kakhulu ebuholini bukaShackleton ukuzimisela kwakhe okungaguquki ukuphumelela. Naphezu kwesimo esibucayi, wahlala egxile emgomweni wakhe wokusindisa izisebenzi zakhe, futhi wayezimisele ukwenza izinqumo ezinzima ukuze afinyelele lowo mgomo. Ngisho nalapho ebhekene nezimo ezimbi kakhulu, akazange alilahle ithemba futhi waqhubeka nokuhola iqembu lakhe phambili.
Esinye isifundo esibalulekile ebuholini bukaShackleton ukubaluleka kokusebenzisana. Wakhuthaza ukuzwana nokusebenzisana phakathi kweqembu lakhe, okwabasiza ukuba banqobe izinselele ababebhekana nazo. Ngokusebenzisana, bakwazi ukufeza lokho okwakubonakala kungenakwenzeka.
Sengiphetha, ubuholi buka-Shackleton ohambweni lwe-Endurance buwubufakazi bamandla okubekezela, ukuzimisela, nokusebenzisana. Isitayela sakhe sobuholi sinikeza izifundo ezibalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuba umholi ovelele, okuhlanganisa ukubaluleka kwemigomo ecacile, ukuxhumana okuphumelelayo, ukuhola ngesibonelo, ukuzimisela okungantengantengi, kanye nokukhuthaza umuzwa wokubambisana phakathi kweqembu lakho.
Isiphetho: Ifa elihlala njalo lendaba ye-Endurance
Indaba ka-Endurance kanye nomholi wenganekwane u-Ernest Shackleton ingenye yezinganekwane ezimangalisayo zokukhuthazela nokuphila komuntu emlandweni. Kuwubufakazi bamandla obuholi, ukusebenzisana ngokubambisana, nokubekezela lapho sibhekene nobunzima obukhulu. Indaba ye-Endurance nabasebenzi bayo iyaqhubeka nokukhuthaza abantu emhlabeni wonke kuze kube namuhla.
Ifa lendaba ye-Endurance elokuqina nokuzimisela, kanye nokubaluleka kokulungiselela nokuzivumelanisa nezimo lapho kubhekene nezinselele ezingalindelekile. Ubuholi buka-Shackleton kanye nekhono lokugcina ithimba lakhe limunye futhi ligqugquzelekile lapho ebhekene nezingqinamba ezingenakwenzeka kuyisibonelo esihle salokho okungafinyelelwa lapho iqembu lisebenza ndawonye futhi linomgomo ofanayo.
Indaba ye-Endurance iphinde isebenze njengesikhumbuzo samandla ka ukukhuthazela komuntu nokuzimisela ukunqoba ngisho nezimo eziyinselele kakhulu. Yindaba eseyithinta abantu iminyaka engaphezu kuka-100, futhi isazoqhubeka nokukhuthaza izizukulwane ezizayo.
