Abavubukuli kwa-Israel bathole ubufakazi obumangalisayo bokuhlinzwa kobuchopho okwenziwa phakathi Nenkathi Yakamuva Yethusi, eyahlehlela eminyakeni engu-3,500 edlule. Lokhu kutholwa kwenziwa edolobheni lasendulo laseMegido, elalihlalwa ngeNkathi Yethusi. Imivubukulo ibiholwa ithimba leJoukowsky Institute for Archaeology and the Ancient World yaseBrown University.
Ukutholakala kokuhlinzwa kobuchopho ezikhathini zangaphambi komlando akuvamile, futhi lokhu okutholakele kwakamuva kunikeza amathuba athakazelisayo mayelana nezinqubo zezokwelapha zabantu basendulo. Abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi lokhu kuhlinzwa kwenziwa ezikhathini zakudala ukuze kwehle izimpawu zesifo sokuwa abakuthola ogebhezini olulodwa.
Ngo-2016, ngenkathi bemba indawo eyingqopha-mlando - ngaphansi kwesakhiwo senkathi ye-Late Bronze Age - abavubukuli bathola izinsalela zabazalwane ababili abasebasha bezinga eliphezulu ababehlala eMegido cishe ngekhulu le-15 BC. Ithimba lathola ukuthi omunye wabazalwane wayehlinzwe i-angular notched trephination, okuwuhlobo lokuhlinzwa kohlaka lwesikhumba, ngaphambi nje kokuba adlule emhlabeni.
Inqubo yokuhlinza ihlanganisa ukusika isikhumba sekhanda, ukubaza imigqa emine ephambanayo ogebhezini lwekhanda ukwenza imbobo emise okwesikwele abacwaningi abakholelwa ukuthi yenziwa kusetshenziswa ithuluzi elincane elinomphetho obukhali ogobile, okungenzeka udokotela ohlinzayo oqeqeshiwe. I-trephination itholakala phezulu kugebhezi lwekhanda lendoda, ngenhla kwesiphongo futhi cishe kwakuyisibonelo sakuqala senqubo enjalo eMpumalanga Eseduze Yasendulo.
Izinsalela ziphinde zakhombisa izimpawu zokuthi umuntu naye uke wahlukumezeka ngenxa yokuhlukumezeka kwe-cranial, okungenzeka kubangelwe insimbi ebuthuntu, ngaphambi kokuthi kwenziwe ukuhlinzwa. Ugebhezi lwekhanda lwale ndoda lwase lupholile, futhi yaphila iminyaka eminingana ngaphambi kokufa kwayo.
Ukutholakala kokuhlinzwa kobuchopho ezikhathini zasendulo kuyathakazelisa ngokukhethekile, njengoba kubonisa ukuthi ngisho nasendulo, abantu babekwazi ukwelapha okuphambili. Abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi lokhu kuhlinzwa kwenziwa odokotela abakhethekile ababenendima ebalulekile emphakathini wasendulo.
Okutholakele kushicilelwe ku-International Journal of I-PLOS ONE, edingida umkhuba nokusebenza kokuhlinzwa okunjalo enkathini yasendulo. Bathe, “Ukuba khona kwe-trephination ku-Individual 1 kuphinde kufanekisele ukungenelela okungajwayelekile futhi okusezingeni eliphezulu okukhombisa ukufinyelela ezinsizeni zikadokotela oqeqeshiwe onikeze lokhu kwelashwa ngaphambi nje kokufa. Ngakho lokhu kuthuthumela kukhanyisa ukuphambana kwezimo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nesenzo senhlalo ezikhathini zasendulo.”
Kodwa-ke, abacwaningi baqaphele ukuthi kusekuningi okufanele abavubukuli bakuveze eminyakeni engu-200 edlule ukuze bazi kabanzi mayelana ne-trephination.
Isibonelo, akucaci ukuthi kungani amanye ama-trephination eyindilinga, okubonisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-analog drill, kuyilapho amanye eyisikwele noma angunxantathu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akucaci ukuthi yini abantu basendulo ababezama ukuyelapha nokuthi ukwelapha kwakudlange kangakanani esifundeni ngasinye.
Ngokokwaziswa okungokomlando, iMegido yayiphezu komzila obalulekile wasemhlabeni owaziwa ngokuthi i-Via Maris owawuhlanganisa i-Egypt, iSiriya, iMesopotamiya ne-Anatolia eminyakeni engu-4,000 19 edlule. Ngekhulu le-XNUMX BC, leli dolobha lase lithuthuke laba ngelinye elicebe kakhulu esifundeni njengoba ligcwele amathempeli, izigodlo, amasango, izinqaba nokunye okuningi. Futhi izinsalela zalezi zelamani ezimbili, ngokusho kwabacwaningi, zazivela endaweni yokuhlala eduze kwesigodlo seBronze Age eMegido, okubonisa ukuthi babeyizakhamuzi eziphakeme futhi mhlawumbe ngisho nabasebukhosini.
Lolu cwaningo luphinde luveze ukubaluleka kokumba okwenziwayo, kanye nokubaluleka kokuhlola izinsalela zabantu basemandulo. Ngokuhlola izingcezu zamathambo nezinto zobuciko zesikhathi esidlule, abavubukuli bangahlanganisa ubufakazi ngemiphakathi yasendulo nezinkolelo zayo, imikhuba, nolwazi lwezokwelapha.
Lokhu kutholakala kokuhlinzwa kobuchopho kwangaphambi komlando kuye kwavula indlela entsha yocwaningo nokutholakele emkhakheni we-paleopathology, okubandakanya ukutadisha i-pathology nezifo zasendulo, nokwembula indlela abantu abaye bazijwayela ngayo futhi baguquke ukuze baphile.
Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka, futhi njengoba kutholwa izinto ezintsha, kusekuningi okufanele sikufunde mayelana nesikhathi esidlule, kanye nezinkomba ezingaba khona emlandweni wethu wezokwelapha nezenhlalo.
