Ithuna likaSenenmut liyindawo yomlando ethakazelisayo eGibhithe Lasendulo elithathe ukunaka kwabavubukuli kanye nezazi zezinkanyezi ngokufanayo. Ithuna (ithuna laseTheban elingunombolo 353) lisenyakatho yomgwaqo oholela ethempelini likaHatshepsut eDeir el-Bahri eThebes, futhi lakhiwa ngesikhathi sokubusa kweNdlovukazi uHatshepsut, owabusa iGibhithe kusukela ngo-1478 kuya ku-1458 BC. USenenmut wayeyisikhulu esiphezulu ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaHatshepsut, futhi kuthiwa wayeyisazi sezinkanyezi. Ithuna laziwa ngophahla lwalo oluhlotshiswe kahle kanye nezindonga, ezibonisa izigcawu ezihlukahlukene zempilo kaSenenmut kanye nezimpumelelo, okuhlanganisa imephu yenkanyezi yokuqala eyaziwayo.
Imephu yenkanyezi iyisici esiyingqayizivele sethuna likaSenenmut, futhi kube yinkulumompikiswano nokuchazwa okukhulu. Imephu kukholakala ukuthi iwumfanekiso omdala kakhulu osekhona wesibhakabhaka sasebusuku saseGibhithe, futhi inikeza imininingwane ebalulekile ngesayensi yezinkanyezi kanye ne-cosmology yaseGibhithe lasendulo. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola umongo womlando wesayensi yezinkanyezi eGibhithe lasendulo, ukubaluleka kwemephu yenkanyezi kaSenenmut, kanye nefa lesayensi yezinkanyezi yaseGibhithe lasendulo.
Umongo womlando wesayensi yezinkanyezi eGibhithe lasendulo
Isayensi yezinkanyezi yayinendima ebalulekile emphakathini waseGibhithe lasendulo, futhi yayihlobene eduze nenkolo nezinganekwane. AbaseGibhithe babekholelwa ukuthi onkulunkulu babelawula ukunyakaza kwezinkanyezi namaplanethi, futhi babesebenzisa ukuhlola kwezinkanyezi ukuze bathole izikhathi ezingcono kakhulu zokutshala nokuvuna izitshalo, kanye nezokuqhuba imikhosi yenkolo. Abantu baseGibhithe babenekhono futhi ekwenzeni amakhalenda, ayesekelwe ekuhloleni izinkanyezi.
Amarekhodi okuqala aziwayo ezinkanyezi e-Egypt asukela esikhathini soMbuso Omdala, cishe ngo-2500 BC. AbaseGibhithe babesebenzisa amathuluzi alula, njenge-gnomon ne-merkhet, ukuze bahlole ilanga nezinkanyezi. Baphinde bakha isimiso semibhalo yama- hieroglyph ukuze imelele izinkanyezi nemilaza, eyahlelwa yaba amaqembu ngokusekelwe ezindaweni ezimi kuyo esibhakabhakeni.
Ukubaluleka kwemephu yenkanyezi ka-Senenmut
Imephu yenkanyezi kaSenenmut iyi-artifact eyingqayizivele nebalulekile ehlinzeka ngemininingwane nge-astronomy ne-cosmology yase-Egypt yasendulo. Imephu ikhombisa isibhakabhaka sasebusuku njengoba sibonwa eThebes, futhi sibonisa ama-decans angama-36, okungamaqembu ezinkanyezi eziphuma futhi zishone nelanga esikhathini esiyizinsuku eziyi-10. Ama-decans ayesetshenziswa abaseGibhithe ukuze aphawule ukuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi ayehlotshaniswa nonkulunkulu abahlukahlukene nezibalo zezinganekwane.
Ibalazwe lenkanyezi lipendwe ophahleni lwelinye lamakamelo ethuneni likaSenenmut, futhi liwumfanekiso omdala kunayo yonke owaziwayo wesibhakabhaka ebusuku. Ibalazwe lihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili, isibhakabhaka esisenyakatho ngakolunye uhlangothi nesibhakabhaka saseningizimu ngakolunye. Izinkanyezi zimelelwa amachashazi amancane, futhi imilaza ichazwa njengezilwane nezidalwa zasenganekwaneni.
Ingxenye eseningizimu yophahla ibonisa izinkanyezi ze-decanal (imilaza emincane). Kukhona nemilaza efana ne-Orion ne-Canis Major. Phezu kwesibhakabhaka, amaplanethi i-Jupiter, iSaturn, iMercury, neVenus wonke ahlobene nawo, ahamba ngezikebhe ezincane esibhakabhakeni. Ingxenye eseningizimu isho amahora obusuku.
Ingxenye esenyakatho (ingxenye engezansi) ibonisa umlaza we-Ursa Major; amanye amaqoqo ezinkanyezi awaziwa. Kwesokudla nakwesobunxele salo, kuneziyingi eziyi-8 noma ezi-4, futhi ngaphansi kwazo kukhona onkulunkulu abaningana, ngamunye ephethe i-sun disk ebheke phakathi nendawo yesithombe.
Imibhalo ehlotshaniswa nemibuthano iphawula imigubho yokuqala yanyanga zonke ekhalendeni lenyanga, kuyilapho onkulunkulu bephawula izinsuku zokuqala zenyanga. Ngaphandle kophahla lwezinkanyezi osethuneni lakhe e-Qurna, ukumba kuphinde kwembula izindengezi ezingu-150, okuhlanganisa imidwebo, izinhlu ezihlukahlukene, imibiko, kanye nezibalo.
Inhlangano yezinkanyezi zaseGibhithe
AbaseGibhithe babenesimiso sabo sezinkanyezi, esasisekelwe ekumeni kwezinkanyezi esibhakabhakeni. Imilaza yahlelwa yaba amaqembu, ayehlotshaniswa nonkulunkulu abahlukahlukene kanye nezibalo zezinganekwane njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili. Eminye yemilaza edume kakhulu yaseGibhithe ihlanganisa i-Orion, eyayihlotshaniswa nonkulunkulu u-Osiris, kanye neBig Dipper, eyayaziwa ngokuthi “igeja” futhi yayihlotshaniswa nenkathi yokuvuna.
AbaseGibhithe nabo babenezinkanyezi zabo, ezazisekelwe endaweni yezinkanyezi ngesikhathi sonyaka lapho umfula iNayile ukhukhula. I-zodiac yayinezibonakaliso ezingu-12, ngasinye sazo sasihlotshaniswa nesilwane esihlukile, njengebhubesi, ufezela nemvubu.
Indima yesayensi yezinkanyezi emphakathini wasendulo waseGibhithe
Isayensi yezinkanyezi yaba nendima ebalulekile emphakathini waseGibhithe lasendulo, futhi yayihlobene eduze nenkolo, izinganekwane nezolimo. AbaseGibhithe babesebenzisa ukuhlola kwezinkanyezi ukuze benze amakhalenda, ayesetshenziselwa ukunquma izikhathi ezingcono kakhulu zokutshala nokuvuna izitshalo. Asebenzisa nesayensi yezinkanyezi ukuze aphawule ukuhamba kwesikhathi futhi enze imikhosi yenkolo.
Isayensi yezinkanyezi nayo yayiyingxenye ebalulekile yesiko nobuciko baseGibhithe. AbaseGibhithe babeveza izinkanyezi nemilaza emisebenzini yabo yobuciko, futhi besebenzisa imifanekiso yezinkanyezi ekwakhiweni kwabo nasekuklanyweni kwabo. Isayensi yezinkanyezi nayo yaba isihloko sezinganekwane eziningi nezinganekwane, ezadluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane.
Ukuqhathanisa namanye amamephu ezinkanyezi asendulo
Imephu yenkanyezi kaSenenmut akusona sodwa isibonelo esisekhona semephu yenkanyezi yakudala. Ezinye izibonelo zihlanganisa amabalazwe ezinkanyezi zaseBabiloni, ahlehlela emuva enkulungwaneni yesibili BC, amabalazwe ezinkanyezi zamaGreki, ahlehlela emuva ekhulwini lesihlanu BC, Imephu yenkanyezi yaseSumerian, ehlehlela emuva enkulungwaneni yesihlanu BC, kanye amabalazwe enkanyezi ye-palaeolithic, ezazineminyaka engu-40,000 XNUMX ubudala. Nokho, ibalazwe lenkanyezi le-Senenmut lihlukile ekuboniseni imilaza yaseGibhithe kanye nokuxhumana kwalo nenganekwane yaseGibhithe.
Izincazelo kanye nezinkulumo mpikiswano ezizungeze imephu yenkanyezi ka-Senenmut
Ukuhunyushwa kwebalazwe lenkanyezi kaSenenmut kube yimpikiswano enkulu phakathi kwezazi. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi imephu yasetshenziswa njengethuluzi elisebenzayo lokuhlola izinkanyezi, kuyilapho abanye bekholelwa ukuthi ngokuyinhloko laliwumfanekiso ongokomfanekiso womkhathi. Ezinye izazi ziye zasikisela nokuthi leli mephu lalisetshenziselwa ukufundwa kwezinkanyezi, njengoba abaseGibhithe babekholelwa ukuthi izinkanyezi zinethonya elinamandla ezindabeni zabantu.
Enye indawo yenkulumompikiswano ukubaluleka kwama-decans aboniswe kumephu. Ezinye izazi zikholelwa ukuthi ama-decans ayesetshenziswa njengethuluzi eliwusizo lokugcina isikhathi, kuyilapho abanye bethi ama-decans ayenencazelo ejulile engokomfanekiso futhi ayehlotshaniswa nonkulunkulu abahlukahlukene kanye nezibalo zezinganekwane.
Wayengubani uSenenmut?
USenenmut wayengumuntu ovamile owayenobudlelwane obuseduze nomndeni wasebukhosini baseGibhithe. Umhlobiso othakazelisayo wosilingi wethuna (TT 353) usenza sizibuze ukuthi u-Senenmut wayengumuntu onjani. Ngaphezu kokuba umeluleki wasebukhosini, izazi-mlando eziningi zikholelwa ukuthi u-Senenmut wayeyisazi sezinkanyezi. Kodwa hlobo luni lobudlelwano ayenabo neNdlovukazi uHatshepsut?
USenenmut wazalelwa abazali abafundayo, abasezingeni lesifundazwe, uRamose noHatnofer. Ngokumangalisayo, wazuza iziqu ezicishe zibe yikhulu, kuhlanganise “Umphathi Womfazi KaNkulunkulu”, “UMgcinimafa Omkhulu Wendlovukazi” kanye “noMphathi Omkhulu wendodakazi yeNkosi.” USenenmut wayengumeluleki oseduze futhi engumngane othembekile weNdlovukazi uHatshepsut. Futhi wayengumfundisi wengane kaHatshepsut noThutmosis II okuwukuphela kwayo, indodakazi, uNeferu-Re. Ezifanekisweni ezingaphezu kuka-20, uboniswa egone uNeferu-Re njengengane encane.
Izazi eziningi zase-Egypt zaphetha ngokuthi isikhulu esiphezulu somphakathi sika-Hatshepsut, isifuba, u-Senenmut, kumele ukuthi naye wayeyisithandwa sakhe. Ezinye izazi-mlando nazo zisikisela ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi wayenguyise kaNeferu-Re. Kodwa-ke abukho ubufakazi obuqinile bokuthi ubudlelwano phakathi kukaHatshepsut noSenenmut kwakungokobulili, okuholela ezinye izazi-mlando ukuba ziphakamise ukuthi uSenenmut wathola amandla anjalo kanye nomthelela ngoba wayengumholi wezwe omdala wenkantolo yaseHatshepsut.
Umlando wethuna likaSenenmut awucacile. Kuze kube unyaka we-16 wokubusa kukaHatshepsut noma uThutmosis III, uSenenmut wayesabambe amahhovisi akhe; kwase kwenzeka okuthile. Imikhondo yakhe yalahleka, futhi ithuna lakhe elalingakaqedwa (TT 353) lavalwa futhi lacekelwa phansi kancane. Indawo yakhe yangempela ayaziwa.
Ifa lesayensi yezinkanyezi yaseGibhithe lasendulo
Ifa lesayensi yezinkanyezi yaseGibhithe lasendulo lisabonakala nanamuhla ekuqondeni kwethu kwesimanje kwendawo yonke. AbaseGibhithe babengabahloli abanekhono besibhakabhaka ebusuku, futhi baba negalelo elibalulekile ekuqondeni kwethu ukunyakaza kwezinkanyezi namaplanethi. Bakha namakhalenda ayinkimbinkimbi futhi basebenzisa ukuhlola kwezinkanyezi ukuze baphawule ukuhamba kwesikhathi.
Abantu baseGibhithe nabo baba amavulandlela ekuthuthukisweni kwezibalo kanye nejometri, okwakubalulekile ekuhloleni kwabo izinkanyezi. Basebenzisa ulwazi lwabo lwezibalo nejometri ukuze benze amathuluzi ayinkimbinkimbi okulinganisa ama-engeli namabanga, ayesetshenziselwa ukuhlola izinkanyezi.
Izicelo zesimanje zesayensi yezinkanyezi yaseGibhithe lasendulo
Ucwaningo lwesayensi yezinkanyezi yaseGibhithe lasendulo lusebenza ezibalulekile kusayensi yezinkanyezi yesimanje kanye ne-cosmology. Ukuhlola isibhakabhaka ebusuku kwabaseGibhithe ngobuciko kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile kokuhamba kwezinkanyezi namaplanethi. Amakhalenda abo nezindlela zokugcina isikhathi nazo ziye zasetshenziswa njengesisekelo samakhalenda anamuhla.
Ucwaningo lwesayensi yezinkanyezi yaseGibhithe lasendulo lunokubaluleka okubalulekile kwamasiko nomlando. Abantu baseGibhithe babengamavulandlela ekuthuthukisweni kwesayensi yezinkanyezi nezibalo, futhi impumelelo yabo isaqhubeka ikhuthaza futhi ihlaba umxhwele izazi kanye nomphakathi uwonke ngokufanayo.
Isiphetho: Kungani kubalulekile imephu yenkanyezi yokuqala eyaziwayo
Sengiphetha, imephu yenkanyezi ye-Senenmut iyi-artifact eyingqayizivele nebalulekile ehlinzeka ngemininingwane ebalulekile ngesayensi yezinkanyezi kanye ne-cosmology yaseGibhithe lasendulo. Imephu iwumfanekiso omdala kunayo yonke owaziwayo wesibhakabhaka ebusuku, futhi ibonisa imilaza yaseGibhithe nama-decans, okwakubalulekile ukugcina isikhathi nezinjongo zenkolo.
Ucwaningo lwesayensi yezinkanyezi yaseGibhithe lasendulo lunemisebenzi ebalulekile kusayensi yezinkanyezi yesimanje kanye ne-cosmology, futhi lunokubaluleka kwamasiko nomlando. Abantu baseGibhithe babengamavulandlela ekuthuthukisweni kwesayensi yezinkanyezi nezibalo, futhi impumelelo yabo isaqhubeka ikhuthaza futhi ihlaba umxhwele izazi kanye nomphakathi uwonke ngokufanayo.
Uma ungathanda ukufunda okwengeziwe mayelana nesayensi yezinkanyezi yaseGibhithe lasendulo kanye nemephu yenkanyezi yase-Senenmut, kunezinsiza eziningi ezitholakala ku-inthanethi futhi ziphrintiwe. Ngokufunda okuzuzwe yimpucuko yasendulo njenge-Egypt, singathola ukuqonda okungcono kwendawo yethu endaweni yonke kanye namagugu amasiko anothile esintu.
