Abantu emhlabeni wonke bebelokhu behlabeke umxhwele ngempucuko yasendulo eyake yachuma eMesophothamiya, izwe eliphakathi kwemifula iTigris ne-Ewufrathe. I-Mesophothamiya, eyaziwa nangokuthi isizinda sempucuko, isifunda esihlalwe izinkulungwane zeminyaka futhi sinamagugu acebile amasiko nomlando. Esinye sezici eziphawulekayo zalesi sifunda uMfula i-Ewufrathe, obambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni impucuko yaseMesophothamiya.
Ukubaluleka komfula i-Ewufrathe eMesophothamiya
UMfula i-Ewufrathe ungomunye wemifula emibili emikhulu eMesopotamiya, omunye uMfula iTigris. Ngokuhlangene, le mifula iye yasekela ukuphila kwabantu esifundeni iminyaka eyinkulungwane. Umfula i-Ewufrathe ucishe ube ngamamayela angu-1,740 ubude futhi ugeleza unqamule eTurkey, eSiriya, nase-Iraq ngaphambi kokuba udlulele ePersian Gulf. Yayinikeza umthombo wamanzi njalo wokunisela, okwavumela ukuthuthukiswa kwezolimo nokukhula kwamadolobha.
Umfula i-Ewufrathe nawo waba nendima ebalulekile enkolweni nasezinganekwaneni zaseMesophothamiya. EMesophothamiya yasendulo, lo mfula wawubhekwa njengongcwele, futhi imicikilisho eminingi yenkolo yayisenziwa ngenjongo yokuwuhlonipha. Umfula wawuvame ukwenziwa samuntu njengonkulunkulu, futhi kwakunezinganekwane eziningi ezizungeze ukudalwa nokubaluleka kwawo.
Ukoma koMfula i-Ewufrathe
Ngokwesiprofetho esiseBhayibhelini, izenzakalo ezibalulekile, ezihlanganisa Ukuza Kwesibili kukaJesu Kristu kanye nokuhlwithwa, kungenzeka lapho umfula i-Ewufrathe uyeka ukugeleza. IsAmbulo 16:12 sifundeka kanje: “Ingelosi yesithupha yathululela isitsha sayo emfuleni omkhulu u-Ewufrathe, futhi amanzi awo asha ukuze kulungiselelwe indlela yamakhosi avela eMpumalanga.”
Isuka eTurkey, i-Ewufrathe igeleza inqamule eSiriya nase-Iraq ukuze ijoyine iTigris eShatt al-Arab, engenela ePersian Gulf. Kodwa eminyakeni yamuva nje, isimiso somfula iTigris-Euphrates siye sawoma, okubangela ukukhathazeka kososayensi, izazi-mlando, nabantu abahlala eduze nosebe lwawo.
Ukugeleza komfula kwehle kakhulu, futhi kwezinye izindawo, wome ngokuphelele. Lokhu kuye kwaba nethonya elikhulu kubantu baseMesophothamiya yanamuhla, abaye bathembela emfuleni ukuze baphile izinkulungwane zeminyaka.
Umbiko kahulumeni ngo-2021 uxwayise ngokuthi imifula ingase yome ngo-2040. Ukwehla kwamanzi okugeleza ngokuyinhloko kubangelwa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, okubangele ukwehla kwemvula kanye nokwenyuka kwezinga lokushisa. Ukwakhiwa kwamadamu nezinye izinhlelo zokulawulwa kwamanzi nakho kube nomthelela ekomeni komfula.
Amasathelayithi amabili e-NASA e-Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (i-GRACE) aqoqa izithombe zale ndawo ngo-2013 futhi athola ukuthi umfula i-Tigris ne-Euphrates ulahlekelwe u-144 cubic kilometers (34 cubic miles) wamanzi ahlanzekile kusukela ngo-2003.
Ukwengeza, idatha ye-GRACE ibonisa izinga elishaqisayo lokwehla kwengqikithi yokugcinwa kwamanzi emifuleni i-Tigris ne-Euphrates, okwamanje enezinga lesibili elishesha kakhulu lokulahleka kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, ngemva kwe-India.
Izinga laligqame kakhulu ngemva kwesomiso sango-2007. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, isidingo samanzi ahlanzekile siyaqhubeka sikhuphuka, futhi isifunda asikudidiyeli ukuphathwa kwaso kwamanzi ngenxa yezincazelo ezihlukahlukene zemithetho yamazwe ngamazwe.
Umthelela wokoma koMfula i-Ewufrathe kubantu besifunda
Ukomiswa koMfula i-Ewufrathe kube nomthelela omkhulu kubantu kulo lonke elaseTurkey, eSiriya nase-Iraq. Ezolimo, obekuyikhona okuziphilisa ngazo abantu abaningi esifundeni, zithinteke kakhulu. Ukuswelakala kwamanzi sekubangele ukuthi abalimi bathelele izilimo zabo kubenzima okwenza ukuthi isivuno sibe phansi kanye lobunzima bomnotho.
Ukuncipha kokugeleza kwamanzi kuthinte nokuba khona kwamanzi okuphuza. Abantu abaningi esifundeni manje sekumele bathembele emanzini angaphephile ukuze bawasebenzise, okuholela ekwandeni kwezifo ezitholakala emanzini ezifana nesifo sohudo, upokisi, isimungumungwane, i-typhoid fever, ikholera, nokunye. Ukusho nje, ukuwa ngokuphelele komfula kungasho inhlekelele endaweni.
Ukomiswa koMfula i-Ewufrathe kuye kwaba nomthelela kwamasiko kubantu bezwe lomlando. Iziza eziningi zasendulo zalesi sifunda nezinto zobuciko zitholakala osebeni lomfula. Ukoma komfula kwenze kwaba nzima ukuthi abavubukuli bafinyelele kulezi zindawo futhi kubeke engcupheni yokulimala nokucekelwa phansi.
Okusha okutholwe ngemivubukulo okwenziwe ngenxa yokoma koMfula i-Ewufrathe
Ukomiswa koMfula i-Ewufrathe kuye kwaholela ekutholweni okuthile okungalindelekile. Njengoba izinga lamanzi emfuleni liye lehla, izindawo zemivubukulo ebezingaphansi kwamanzi ziye zadalulwa. Lokhu kuye kwavumela abavubukuli ukuthi bafinyelele kulezi zingosi futhi bathole okusha ngempucuko yaseMesopotamiya.
Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ezitholwe ngenxa yokoma koMfula i-Euphrates idolobha lasendulo iDura-Europos. Leli dolobha, elasungulwa ngekhulu lesithathu BC, laliyisikhungo esikhulu samasiko amaGreki futhi kamuva lathathwa amaParthian namaRoma. Idolobha lashiywa ngekhulu lesithathu AD futhi kamuva langcwatshwa yisihlabathi nodaka lwasemfuleni. Njengoba umfula uwoma, leli dolobha lavezwa, futhi abavubukuli bakwazi ukwembula amagugu awo amaningi.
Umfula owomile ubuye wembula umhubhe wasendulo oholela ngaphansi komhlaba onesakhiwo esihle kakhulu sokwakha, futhi unezitebhisi ezihlelwe kahle futhi zisaphelele kuze kube namuhla.
Ukubaluleka okungokomlando kweMesophothamiya
IMesophothamiya ingenye yezifunda ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wesintu. Kuyindawo okwazalelwa kuyo izimpucuko eziningi ezindala kakhulu emhlabeni, okuhlanganisa amaSumerians, ama-Akkad, abaseBhabhiloni, nama-Asiriya. Lezi zimpucuko zaba negalelo elikhulu empucukweni yabantu, kuhlanganise nokuthuthukiswa kokubhala, umthetho, nenkolo.
Abaningi bomlando abadumile emhlabeni, kuhlanganise noHammurabi, uNebukadinesari, noGilgamesh, babehlotshaniswa neMesopotamiya. Ukubaluleka komlando walesi sifunda kusenze saba indawo edumile kubavakashi nezifundiswa ngokufanayo.
Umthelela weMesophothamiya emphakathini wanamuhla
Impucuko yaseMesophothamiya iye yaba nethonya elikhulu emphakathini wanamuhla. Imiqondo eminingi nemibono eyasungulwa eMesophothamiya, njengokubhala, umthetho nenkolo, isasetshenziswa nanamuhla. Iminikelo yalesi sifunda empucukweni yabantu ivule indlela yentuthuko esiyitholayo namuhla.
Ukomiswa koMfula i-Ewufrathe kanye nomthelela owaba khona empucukweni yaseMesophothamiya kuyisikhumbuzo sokubaluleka kokulondoloza amagugu ethu amasiko nomlando. Kubalulekile ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuvikela nokugcina amasayithi amadala nezinto zobuciko ezibaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni okwedlule.
Imibono ephathelene nokomisa koMfula i-Ewufrathe
Kunemibono eminingi mayelana nokomisa koMfula i-Ewufrathe. Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuyimbangela eyinhloko, kuyilapho abanye bekhomba ukwakhiwa kwamadamu nezinye izinhlelo zokulawula amanzi. Kukhona nemibono eveza ukuthi ukoma komfula kuwumphumela wemisebenzi yabantu njengokugawulwa kwamahlathi nokudlisa ngokweqile.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyini imbangela, kusobala ukuthi ukomiswa koMfula i-Ewufrathe kube nomthelela omkhulu kubantu baseNtshonalanga Asia kanye namagugu abo amasiko.
Imizamo yokubuyisela uMfula i-Ewufrathe
Iyaqhubeka imizamo yokuvuselela uMfula i-Ewufrathe futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi uhlala uyisisetshenziswa esibalulekile kubantu baseMesophothamiya. Le mizamo ihlanganisa ukwakhiwa kwamadamu amasha kanye nemiklamo yokulawulwa kwamanzi eklanyelwe ukwandisa ukuhamba kwamanzi nokunciphisa umthelela wokuguquka kwesimo sezulu.
Kukhona nezinhlelo zokulondoloza nokuvikela amagugu alesi sifunda amasiko nomlando. Lezi zinhlelo zihlanganisa ukubuyiselwa kwezindawo zakudala kanye nezinto zakudala kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda yezokuvakasha ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukubaluleka kwamasiko nomlando wesifunda.
Isiphetho
IMesophothamiya iyisifunda esinamagugu acebile amasiko nomlando abambe iqhaza elibalulekile empucukweni yabantu. Umfula i-Ewufrathe, esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu kule ndawo, uye wasekela ukuphila kwabantu kule ndawo izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Ukomiswa komfula kube nomthelela omkhulu kubantu baseMesopotamiya namasiko abo.
Iyaqhubeka imizamo yokubuyisela umfula i-Euphrates nokuvikela amasiko nomlando wakulesi sifunda. Kubalulekile ukuthatha izinyathelo zokulondoloza lezi zingosi zasendulo nezinto zobuciko, ezisebenza njengesixhumanisi sesikhathi esidlule futhi zinikeze imininingwane ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwempucuko yabantu. Njengoba siqhubekela phambili, kubalulekile ukuthi siqhubeke nokubona ukubaluleka kokulondoloza amagugu ethu amasiko kanye nomlando futhi sithathe izinyathelo zokuqinisekisa ukuthi ahlala engashintshile ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.
