I-Pyrgi Gold Tablets: Ingcebo yaseFenike ne-Etruscan engaqondakali

Ecashe emanxiweni asendulo asePyrgi, idolobhana elincane elingasogwini e-Italy, kukhona ingcebo osekungamakhulu eminyaka idida abavubukuli nezazi-mlando - iPyrgi Gold Tablets. Lezi zinto zobuciko eziyindida, ezenziwe ngegolide elimsulwa futhi zambozwa emibhalweni ebhalwe ngesiFenike nase-Etruscan, zingezinye zezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ezatholwa emlandweni wempucuko yaseMedithera yasendulo.

Naphezu kobukhulu bawo obuncane, izibhebhe zamaPyrgi zembula amazwibela athakazelisayo ubuhlobo obuyinkimbinkimbi nokuhwebelana ngamasiko phakathi kwabaseFenike nabase-Etruscans, imiphakathi emibili eyayinethonya elikhulu emhlabeni wasendulo. Kusukela emsuka wawo ongaqondakali kuya ekubalulekeni kwawo ekuqondeni ukuxhumana kwezilimi namasiko phakathi kwalemibuso emibili emikhulu, Izibhebhe Zegolide zePyrgi ziyaqhubeka nokuheha futhi zifake uzungu izazi nabashisekayo ngokufanayo. Hlanganyela nathi njengoba singena endabeni ethokozisayo yamaphilisi ePyrgi futhi sivule izimfihlo zalo mcebo omangalisayo.

I-Pyrgi Gold Tablets

I-Pyrgi Gold Tablets ayiqoqo lemibhalo emithathu eyenziwe ngeqabunga legolide futhi yatholakala ngo-1964 edolobheni lasendulo lasePyrgi, elise-Italy yanamuhla. Le mibhalo ibhalwe ngezilimi zaseFenike nase-Etruscan futhi kukholakala ukuthi ihlehlela emuva ekhulwini lesi-5 BCE. Lezi zibhebhe zibhekwa njengenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ezitholwe ngemivubukulo ekhulwini lama-20, njengoba zinikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngamasiko nemiphakathi yempucuko yaseFenike nase-Etruscan.

Impucuko yaseFenike

Impucuko yaseFenike kwakuyisiko lokuhweba olwandle elavela cishe ngo-1500 BCE esifundeni esisempumalanga yeMedithera. AbaseFenike babaziwa ngamakhono abo olwandle nokuhweba futhi bamisa amakoloni ngaphesheya kweMedithera, kuhlanganise neLebanon, iSiriya neTunisia yanamuhla. Ulimi lwaseFenike kwakuwulimi lwamaSemite olufana nesiHebheru nesi-Arabhu.

AbaseFenike nabo babeyizingcweti ezinekhono futhi bedume ngobungcweti babo bensimbi nokwenza ingilazi. Basungula nezinhlamvu zamagama ezazisetshenziswa kakhulu emazweni aseMedithera futhi zaba nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwezinhlamvu zezinhlamvu zesiGreki nesiLatini. Ukusho ukuthi, kwathatha indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwezilimi zomhlaba wanamuhla nokuqonda komuntu.

Impucuko yase-Etruscan

Impucuko yase-Etruscan yavela e-Italy cishe ngekhulu lesi-8 BCE futhi yayigxile esifundeni saseTuscany. Abantu base-Etruria babaziwa ngempumelelo yabo yobuciko neyokwakha kanye nesimiso sabo sikahulumeni esiyinkimbinkimbi. Futhi babenesimiso sokubhala esithuthuke kakhulu, Ulimi Lwase-Etruscan, olwabhalwa kusukela kwesokudla kuye kwesobunxele futhi okuthiwa lwaluthonywa uhlamvu lwezinhlamvu zesiGreki.

Ngokwezinye izazi, isi-Etruscan asilona ulimi olulodwa. Ihlobene eduze nezinye izilimi ezimbili: a) IsiRaetic, ulimi olwake lwakhulunywa cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo nesi-Etruscan endaweni namuhla eyinyakatho ye-Italy ne-Austria, futhi b) isiLemnian, esake sakhulunywa esiqhingini saseGreece iLemnos, ngasogwini. yaseTurkey, okungenzeka ukuthi iyinkomba yemvelaphi yolimi lwamadlozi lazo zontathu izilimi ezise-Anatolia, futhi ukusabalala kwalo kungenzeka ngenxa yokufuduka ngenxa yesiphithiphithi esilandela ukuwa Umbuso WamaHeti.

Ngokuphambene nalokho, abacwaningi abaningi bathi ulimi lwase-Etruscan luyinto engavamile, engeyona eye-Indo-European ezweni lasendulo lamaGreki namaRoma. Azikho izilimi zabazali ezaziwayo e-Etruscan, futhi azikho izizukulwane zanamuhla, njengoba isiLatini sasithatha kancane kancane, kanye nezinye izilimi ezi-Ithalikhi, njengoba amaRoma athatha kancane kancane ukulawula inhlonhlo yase-Italy.

NjengabaseFenike, abantu base-Etruria nabo babengabakhandi bensimbi abanekhono futhi bekhiqiza izinto ezinhle kakhulu, ezinjengobucwebe, izithombe zethusi nezitsha zobumba. Ayengabalimi abanekhono futhi athuthukisa izinqubo zokunisela eziyinkimbinkimbi ezaziwavumela ukuba alime endaweni eyomile yase-Italy.

Ukutholwa kwePyrgi Gold Tablets

I-Pyrgi Gold Tablets yatholwa ngo-1964 ithimba labavubukuli elaliholwa nguMassimo Pallottino edolobheni lasendulo lasePyrgi, elise-Italy yanamuhla. Le mibhalo yatholakala ethempelini elalinikelwe kunkulunkulukazi u-Uni, owayekhulekelwa abaseFenike nabase-Etruria.

Izibhebhe zazenziwe ngeqabunga legolide futhi zatholakala ebhokisini lamapulangwe elaligqitshwe ethempelini. Ibhokisi latholwa ongqimbeni lomlotha okukholakala ukuthi udalwe umlilo owacekela phansi ithempeli ngekhulu lesi-4 BCE.

Ukucacisa I-Pyrgi Gold Tablets

Izibhebhe Zegolide ZasePyrgi zazibhalwe ngazo zombili izilimi zaseFenike nezase-Etruria, okwabekela inselele izazi ezazizama ukuchaza imibhalo. Umsebenzi wenziwa waba nzima nakakhulu ukuthi imibhalo yayibhalwe ngendlela ye I-Etruscan eyayingaqondwa kahle futhi yayingakaze ibonwe ngaphambili.

Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, izazi zagcina zikwazile ukuqonda imibhalo ngosizo lokuhlaziya ulimi oluqhathanisayo nokuthola eminye imibhalo yase-Etruscan. Lezi zibhebhe ziqukethe ukunikezelwa kweNkosi uThefarie Velianas kunkulunkulukazi waseFenike u-Astarte, owaziwa nangokuthi u-Ishtar.

U-Ishtar ekuqaleni wayekhulekelwa eSumer njengo-Inanna. Ihlelo likankulunkulukazi wasendulo waseMesophothamiya elihlotshaniswa nothando, ubuhle, ubulili, isifiso, inzalo, impi, ubulungisa, namandla ezombusazwe lasakazekela kuso sonke lesi sifunda. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, yakhulekelwa nabase-Akkad, abaseBhabhiloni nabase-Asiriya.

Amaphilisi egolide ePyrgi awavamile futhi awavamile. Ziyingcebo yasendulo kokubili ngokolimi nangokomlando. Lezi zibhebhe zinikeza abacwaningi ithuba lokusebenzisa inguqulo yesiFenike ukuze bafunde futhi bachaze isi-Etruscan esingachazeki.

Ukucacisa iPhonecian

NgokukaWilliam J. Hamblin, uprofesa wezomlando eBrigham Young University, izibhebhe ezintathu zePyrgi Gold Tablet ziyisibonelo esivelele sokusakazeka komkhuba waseFenike wokubhala imibhalo engcwele ezingcwecweni zegolide usuka esikhungweni sawo sokuqala eFenike, udlule eCarthage, ukuze Italy, futhi icishe ifane nesikhathi seNcwadi kaMormoni ethi imibhalo engcwele yabhalwa ezingcwepheni zensimbi ngomakhelwane abaseduze baseFenike, amaJuda.

Sasingekho ngempela isidingo sokuchaza lezi zibhebhe zasendulo ezithakazelisayo ngoba umbhalo waseFenike sekuyisikhathi eside waziwa ngokuthi ungewamaSemite. Nakuba izinto zobuciko zingase zingabhekwa njengempicabadala yasendulo, nokho zibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni futhi zisinika ukuqonda okuyingqayizivele kokuthi abantu basendulo babezidlulisela kanjani izinkolelo zabo futhi babonise ukukhulekelwa kukankulunkulukazi wabo othandekayo u-Astarte (Ishtar, Inanna).

Umbhalo wePhonecian ufundeka kanje:

Kunkosikazi u-Ashtarot,

Lena yindawo engcwele, eyenziwa, futhi eyanikezwa uTiberius Velianas obusa phezu kwamaCaerites.

Ngenyanga yomhlatshelo weLanga, njengesipho ethempelini, wakha i-aedicula (ithempeli lasendulo).

Ngokuba u-Ashitaroti wamphakamisa ngesandla sakhe ukuba abuse iminyaka emithathu kusukela enyangeni kaKurivare, kusukela osukwini lokungcwatshwa konkulunkulu [kuqhubeke].

Futhi iminyaka yesithombe sobunkulunkulu ethempelini iyoba iminyaka eminingi njengezinkanyezi phezulu.

Ukubaluleka kwePyrgi Gold Tablets ekuqondeni impucuko yaseFenike nase-Etruscan

I-Pyrgi Gold Tablets ibalulekile ngoba ihlinzeka ngemininingwane ebalulekile ngamasiko nemiphakathi yempucuko yaseFenike nase-Etruscan. Imibhalo eqoshiwe yembula ubuhlobo obuseduze phakathi kwalezi zimpucuko ezimbili futhi isikhanyisela ngemikhuba nezinkolelo zazo ezingokwenkolo.

Imibhalo eqoshiwe inikeza nobufakazi bokuba khona kwamaFenike e-Italy nethonya lawo empucukweni yase-Etruria. Lezi zibhebhe zembula ukuthi abaseFenike babehweba ngezinsimbi eziyigugu, njengegolide, nokuthi babenendima ebalulekile emikhubeni yenkolo yabantu base-Etruria.

Ukufana nomehluko phakathi kwempucuko yaseFenike nase-Etruscan

Impucuko yaseFenike neyase-Etruria yayinezinto eziningi ezifanayo, kuhlanganise namakhono ayo okusebenza ngensimbi nezimiso zayo zikahulumeni eziyinkimbinkimbi. Womabili la masiko ayaziwa futhi ngamakhono awo olwandle nokuhweba, futhi asungula amakoloni ngaphesheya kweMedithera.

Naphezu kwalokhu kufana, kwakukhona futhi umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwalezi zimpucuko ezimbili. Abantu baseFenike babengamasiko asolwandle ayegxile kwezohwebo nezentengiselwano, kuyilapho abase-Etruria bewumphakathi wezolimo owawugxile ekulimeni nasekulimeni indawo.

Isimo samanje sePyrgi Gold Tablets

I-Pyrgi Gold Tablets okwamanje igcinwe ku-National Etruscan Museum, e-Villa Giulia, e-Rome, lapho eboniswa khona ukuze umphakathi uwabone. Amaphilisi aye acutshungulwa kakhulu yizazi futhi asaqhubeka eyisihloko esibalulekile socwaningo lwabavubukuli nezazi-mlando.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Kwezibhebhe Zegolide zePyrgi emlandweni womhlaba

I-Pyrgi Gold Tablets iwukuqonda okuthakazelisayo ngamasiko nemiphakathi yempucuko yaseFenike nase-Etruscan. Imibhalo eqoshiwe inikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile kwemikhuba yenkolo nezinkolelo zalezi zimpucuko ezimbili futhi yembula ubudlelwano obuseduze phakathi kwazo.

Ukutholakala kwamaphilisi egolide akwaPyrgi kube nomthelela omkhulu ekuqondeni kwethu umlando womhlaba futhi kukhanyisele ubudlelwano obuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwamasiko nemiphakathi ehlukene. Izibhebhe ziwubufakazi bokubaluleka kwesayensi yemivubukulo kanye nendima eyidlalayo ekuvezeni izimfihlakalo zesikhathi esidlule.