Ukuqonda izinqubo zokucabanga zomuntu we-Paleolithic akuyona into elula. Umgubuzelo wesikhathi uyimfihlakalo engapheli, ifu eligubuzele umlando wesintu futhi lenza ithunzi lezimfihlo, izimfumbe, kanye nokudidayo okutholwe ngemivubukulo. Kodwa esinakho kuze kube manje kusekude kakhulu nokwakudala.
Kuningi kakhulu kumuntu wePaleolithic kunalokho esingakucabanga ekuqaleni. Wayenombono oyinkimbinkimbi futhi wemvelo wezwe kanye nobudlelwane obuphelele nemvelo, okwakuyisibopho seqiniso nesilungile. Umgede waseLascaux, umsebenzi wobuciko wobuciko bomhume we-Paleolithic kanye nesithombe esibalulekile somhlaba esasikhona eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyi-17 edlule, uwubufakazi obuqand’ikhanda bokuqwashisa okukhulu komuntu wokuqala ngendawo yemvelo.
Hlanganyela nathi njengoba silandela ezinyathelweni zokhokho bethu abazingeli-abaqoqi, ngokusebenzisa umhlaba ofihlekile nononya we-Upper Paleolithic emzamweni wokuqonda umhlaba oyindida wendoda eyayikhona.
Ukutholwa ngephutha koMgede waseLascaux
I-Lascaux Cave iseningizimu yeFrance, eduze nesigodi saseMontignac esifundeni saseDordogne. Lo mgede omangalisayo watholakala ngengozi ngo-1940. Futhi lowo owathola lokho kwaba… inja!
Ngo-September 12, 1940, ngesikhathi beyozihambela nomnikazi wayo, umfana oneminyaka engu-18 okuthiwa uMarcel Ravidat, inja okuthiwa iRobot yawela emgodini. U-Marcel nabangane bakhe abathathu abasebasha banquma ukwehlela emgodini ngethemba lokuhlenga inja, kodwa baqaphela ukuthi kwakuwumgodi wamafidi angu-50 (amamitha angu-15). Lapho sezingenile, lezi zinsizwa zabona ukuthi zazizithele phezu kwento engavamile neze.
Izindonga zesimiso somhume zazihlotshiswe ngezithombe ezikhanyayo nezingokoqobo zezilwane ezihlukahlukene. Abafana babuya cishe ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-10, kodwa kulokhu sebenomuntu onekhono. Bamema u-Abbe Henri Breuil, umpristi ongumKatolika, nomvubukuli, kanye noMnu. Cheynier, uDenis Peyrony, noJean Bouyssonie, ozakwabo nochwepheshe.
Babuka umhume ndawonye, futhi uBreuil wenza imidwebo eminingana enembile nebalulekile yomhume kanye nemidwebo edongeni. Ngeshwa, uMgede waseLascaux awuzange uvezwe emphakathini kwaze kwaba yiminyaka eyisishiyagalombili kamuva, ngo-1948. Futhi yilokhu okwavala ukubhujiswa kwawo ngokwengxenye.
Kubangele ukuzwela futhi kwaheha inani elikhulu labantu - cishe abayi-1,200 nsuku zonke. Uhulumeni nososayensi bahlulekile ukulindela imiphumela yobuciko bomhume. Ukuphefumula okuhlangene kwabantu abaningi kangaka emgedeni usuku ngalunye, kanye nesikhutha, umswakama, nokushisa ababekudala, kwaba nethonya elikhulu emidwebeni, futhi eminingi yabo yayisilimale ngo-1955.
Ukungena komoya okungafanele kwandise umswakama, okwenza ukuba ulele nesikhunta kukhule kuwo wonke umhume. Ekugcineni lo mgede wavalwa ngo-1963, futhi kwenziwa imizamo emikhulu yokubuyisela ubuciko esimweni sawo esihlanzekile.
Imisebenzi yobuciko ehlukahlukene ehlanganisa izindonga zeLascaux Cave ibonakala ingumsebenzi wezizukulwane eziningi zabantu. Lo mgede wawubalulekile ngokusobala, njengendawo yemikhosi noma engcwele noma njengendawo yokuhlala. Kunoma yikuphi, kusobala ukuthi yayisetshenziswa iminyaka eminingi, uma kungengamashumi eminyaka. Umdwebo wadalwa cishe eminyakeni eyi-17,000 edlule, ekuqaleni kwempucuko yaseMagdalenia ye-Upper Paleolithic.
Ihholo Lenkunzi
Ingxenye evelele futhi engavamile yomhume yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi iHholo Lezinkunzi. Ukubona ubuciko obupendwe kulezi zindonga ze-calcite ezimhlophe kungaba yinto emangalisayo ngempela, kunikeze isibopho esijulile nesinenjongo kakhulu nezwe lokhokho bethu, ngenganekwane, impilo yokuqala ye-Paleolithic.
Udonga olupendiwe oluyinhloko luyizinyawo ezingu-62 (amamitha angu-19) ubude, futhi lulinganisa amafidi angu-18 (amamitha angu-5.5) ekungeneni kwamamitha angu-25 (amamitha angu-7.5) endaweni yalo ebanzi kakhulu. Usilingi ophakeme ophakeme udonsa isibukeli. Izilwane ezipendiwe zonke zinkulu kakhulu, ngezikali ezihlaba umxhwele, ezinye zifinyelela kumafidi angu-16.4 (amamitha amahlanu) ubude.
Isithombe esikhulu kunazo zonke yileso sama-auroch, uhlobo lwezinkomo zasendle ezingasekho - ngaleyo ndlela zibizwa ngokuthi iHholo Lezinkunzi. Kunemigqa emibili yama-auroch apendiwe, abhekene, ngokunemba okumangalisayo ngendlela yawo. Kukhona amabili ohlangothini olulodwa futhi amathathu ngakolunye uhlangothi.
Emaceleni ama-auroch amabili kupendwe amahhashi asendle angu-10 nesidalwa esingaqondakali esinemigqa emibili eqondile ekhanda laso, okubonakala sengathi i-aurochs ehlanekezelwe kabi. Ngaphansi kwama-auroch amakhulu kunamanyamazane amancane ayisithupha, apendwe ngokubomvu ne-ocher, kanye nebhere eliyedwana - okuwukuphela kwalo emhumeni wonke.
Imidwebo eminingi ehholo ibonakala inde futhi ihlanekezelwe ngoba eminingi yayo yayipendwe ukuze ibukwe endaweni ethile emgedeni enikeza umbono ongahlanekezelwe. Ihholo lezinkunzi kanye nombukiso omangalisayo wobuciko kulo kushiwo njengenye yezimpumelelo ezinkulu zesintu.
Igalari ye-Axial
Igalari elandelayo yi-Axial. Nayo ihlotshiswe ngenqwaba yezilwane ezipendwe ngombala obomvu, ophuzi nomnyama. Iningi lomumo ilawo amahhashi asendle, anomfanekiso omaphakathi futhi onemininingwane eminingi ngeye-auroch yesifazane, ependwe ngokumnyama futhi emthunzi ngokubomvu. Ihhashi nama-auroch amnyama apendwe njengokuwa - lokhu kukhombisa indlela yokuzingela evamile yendoda ye-Paleolithic, lapho izilwane zaziqhutshwa khona ukuze zigxume zisuka emaweni zize zife.
Phezulu phezulu kunekhanda le-aurochs. Bonke ubuciko kugalari ye-Axial babudinga isikafula, noma olunye uhlobo losizo ukuze kupende uphahla oluphakeme. Ngaphandle kwamahhashi nama-auroch, kuphinde kube nomfanekiso we-ibex, kanye nezinyamazane eziningana ezingama-megaceros. Izilwane eziningi zazipendwe ngokunemba okumangalisayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezinezinhlangothi ezintathu.
Kukhona nezimpawu eziyinqaba, okuhlanganisa amachashazi nonxande abaxhunyiwe. Lesi sakamuva singamelela uhlobo oluthile logibe olwalusetshenziswa ekuzingeleni lezi zilwane. Ama-auroch amnyama acishe abe ngamafidi angu-17 (amamitha angu-5) ngosayizi.
Iphaseji kanye ne-Apse
Ingxenye ehlanganisa iHholo Lezinkunzi naleyo mipheme ebizwa ngokuthi i-Nave kanye ne-Apse ibizwa ngokuthi i-Passageway. Kodwa nakuba kuyilokho nje - indlela yokuhamba - ibamba ubuciko obuhle kakhulu, obunikeza ukubaluleka okukhulu njengegalari efanele. Ngokudabukisayo, ngenxa yokujikeleza komoya, ubuciko buye bawohloka kakhulu.
Iqukethe imifanekiso engu-380, okuhlanganisa nezithombe ezingu-240 eziphelele noma eziyingxenye zezilwane ezinjengamahhashi, izinyamazane, ama-auroch, inyathi, ne-ibex, kanye nezimpawu ezingu-80, nemifanekiso engu-60 ewohlokile nengacaciswanga. Iqukethe nemibhalo eqoshiwe edwaleni, ikakhulukazi leyo yamahhashi amaningi.
Igalari elandelayo i-Apse, enophahla oluyisiyingi oyindilinga okhumbuza umuntu nge-apse e-Romanesque Basilica, ngaleyo ndlela igama. Uphahla oluphakeme kakhulu lungamamitha angu-9 (2.7 amamitha) ukuphakama, futhi luzungeze amamitha angu-15 (amamitha angu-4.6) ububanzi. Qaphela ukuthi ngesikhathi se-Paleolithic, lapho kuqoshwa, uphahla lwaluphakeme kakhulu, futhi ubuciko bungenziwa kuphela ngokusetshenziswa kwe-scaffolding.
Uma sibheka nxazonke, isimo esicishe sibe yimikhosi yaleli hholo, kanye nenani elimangalisayo lemidwebo eqoshiwe kanye nezinto zobuciko zemikhosi ezitholakala lapho, kuphakanyiswa ukuthi i-Apse yayiwumgogodla we-Lascaux, isikhungo salo lonke uhlelo. Inemibala egqamile kakhulu kunabo bonke obunye ubuciko obusemgedeni, ikakhulukazi ngoba bonke ubuciko busesimweni se-petroglyphs, nemifanekiso ezindongeni.
Iqukethe izibalo ezingaphezu kwe-1,000 ezibonisiwe - izithombe zezilwane ezingama-500 nezimpawu nezimpawu ezingama-600. Izilwane eziningi ziyizinyamazane futhi kuwukuphela kwesithombe senyamazane kuwo wonke umhume. Eminye yemifanekiso eqoshiwe eyingqayizivele e-Apse i-Major Stag engamamitha angu-6 (amamitha amabili) ubude, enkulu kunazo zonke kuma-petroglyphs e-Lascaux, iphaneli ye-Musk Ox, i-Stag with the Thirteen Arrows, kanye nomdwebo oyindida obizwa ngokuthi i-Large. Umthakathi - okuseyimpicabadala.
Imfihlakalo ukuthi shaft
Enye yezingxenye ezingaqondakali kakhulu zeLascaux yiThe Well or the Shaft. Inomehluko wamafidi angu-19.7 (amamitha angu-6) ukusuka ku-Apse futhi ingafinyelelwa kuphela ngokwehla ku-shaft ngokusebenzisa iladi. Le ngxenye yomhume ecashile futhi ecashile iqukethe imidwebo emithathu nje, yonke eyenziwe ngebala elimnyama le-manganese dioxide, kodwa ingaqondakali futhi iheha kangangokuthi ingeminye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yobuciko be-Prehistoric cave.
Isithombe esikhulu ngesenyathi. Kubukeka sengathi isendaweni yokuhlasela, kanti phambi kwakhe kubonakala ukuthi ushayiwe, kukhona indoda enomthondo oqhanyelwe nekhanda lenyoni. Eceleni kwakhe kuwiswe umkhonto nenyoni esigxotsheni. Inyathi ibonakala sengathi ikhishwe imbobo noma inembobo enkulu futhi evelele. Sonke isithombe singokomfanekiso kakhulu, futhi ngokunokwenzeka sibonisa ingxenye ebalulekile yenkolelo yabahlali basendulo baseLascaux.
Ngaphandle kwalesi sigcawu, kuboniswa ngobuciko ubhejane onoboya, ngaphandle kwawo kukhona amachashazi ayisithupha, emigqeni emibili ehambisanayo. Ubhejane ubonakala emdala kakhulu kunenyathi nezinye izingcezu zobuciko, okufakazela futhi ukuthi iLascaux kwakuwumsebenzi wezizukulwane eziningi.
Isithombe sokugcina ku-Shaft siwumfanekiso ongcolile wehhashi. Okutholwe okumangalisayo okutholwe endaweni engaphansi, ngaphansi kwesithombe senyathi kanye nobhejane, isibani samafutha e-sandstone ebomvu - okungeyePaleolithic kanye nesikhathi semidwebo. Yayisetshenziselwa ukubamba amafutha ezinyamazane, ayenikeza ukukhanya komdwebo.
Kubukeka sengathi ukhezo olukhulu okwenze kwaba lula ukulibamba ngenkathi upenda. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi lapho kutholakala, kwatholakala ukuthi isitsha sasisaqukethe izinsalela zezinto ezishile. Ukuhlola kwathola ukuthi lezi kwakuyizinsalela zentambo yomjunipha eyayikhanyisa isibani.
I-Nave iyigalari elandelayo futhi nayo ibonisa imisebenzi yobuciko emangalisayo. Enye yezingcezu zobuciko ze-Lascaux ezidume kakhulu ukuboniswa kwezindluzele ezinhlanu zokubhukuda. Odongeni oluphambene kunamaphaneli abonisa i-ibex eyisikhombisa, okuthiwa i-Great Black Cow, kanye nenyathi emibili ephikisanayo.
Umdwebo wakamuva, owaziwa ngokuthi i-Crossed Bison, ungumsebenzi wobuciko omangalisayo, obonisa iso elibukhali elethulwe ngobungcweti indlela yokubuka nobukhulu obuthathu. Ukusetshenziswa okunjalo kombono akuzange kubonwe kwezobuciko futhi kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-15.
Enye yegalari ejulile e-Lascaux yi-Chamber of Felines engaqondakali (noma i-Feline Diverticulum). Icishe ibe ngamamitha angu-82 ubude futhi kunzima ukuyifinyelela. Kunezithombe eziqoshiwe ezingaphezu kuka-25 lapho, eziningi zazo okungamahhashi (angama-80 awo), imifanekiso yenyathi eyisishiyagalolunye, ama-ibex amaningana, amaxhama amathathu, namafomu ayisithupha e-feline. Umdwebo obaluleke kakhulu ku-Chamber of Felines owehhashi - elimelelwa ngaphambili njengokungathi libheke umbukeli.
Lokhu kuboniswa kombono akunakuqhathaniswa nemidwebo yomhume yangaphambi komlando futhi kukhombisa ikhono elikhulu lomdwebi. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ekugcineni kwekamelo elincane kupendwe amachashazi ayisithupha - emigqeni emibili ehambisanayo - njengalawo aseMgodini eceleni kukabhejane.
Kwakukhona incazelo ecacile kubo, futhi eceleni kwezimpawu eziningi eziphindaphindayo kuwo wonke umhume waseLascaux, zingamelela indlela yokuxhumana ebhaliwe - elahlekile ngesikhathi. Sekukonke uMgede waseLascaux uqukethe cishe izibalo eziyi-6,000 - izilwane, izimpawu, nabantu.
Namuhla, i-Lascaux Cave ivaliwe ngokuphelele - ngethemba lokulondoloza ubuciko. Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-2000, isikhunta esimnyama sabonwa emigedeni. Namuhla, ochwepheshe besayensi kuphela abavunyelwe ukungena eLascaux futhi kuphela usuku noma ezimbili ngenyanga.
Umhume ungaphansi kohlelo oluqinile lokulondoloza, okwamanje oluqukethe inkinga yesikhunta. Ngenhlanhla, ubuhle boMgede wase-Lascaux bungabonakala ngokujulile - izifaniso ezimbalwa ezinosayizi wempilo zamaphaneli emigedeni zidalwe. Ziyi-Lascaux II, III, kanye ne-IV.
Ukubuka ngaphandle kwesihenqo sesikhathi
Isikhathi asinaso. Umjikelezo Womhlaba awupheli, futhi iminyaka eyinkulungwane iyadlula futhi iphele. Inhloso yoMgede waseLascaux ilahlekile phakathi nenkulungwane yeminyaka. Asisoze saqiniseka ukuthi kukhona okuwusiko, okuvusa inkanuko, noma okuwumhlatshelo.
Esikwaziyo ukuthi indawo ezungezile yendoda ye-Paleolithic yayikude kakhulu neyakudala. La madoda ayemunye nemvelo, eyazi kahle indawo yawo ekuhleleni kwemvelo, futhi ethembele ezibusisweni ezinikezwa yimvelo.
Njengoba sizindla ngalo msebenzi, siyazi ukuthi isikhathi sesifikile sokuvusa ilangabi lesikhathi esedlule futhi sihlangane namagugu alahleka okhokho bethu abakude kakhulu. Futhi lapho sihlangabezana nalezi zindawo eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezinhle, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezisabisayo, siphusheka ezweni esilazi kancane kakhulu, izwe lapho singabe sinephutha ngokuphelele.
