Emihumeni yaseYurophu engaphezu kuka-400 kuhlanganise I-Lascaux, I-Chauvet futhi I-Altamira, Abantu base-Upper Paleolithic badweba, bapenda futhi baqopha izimpawu ezingezona ezingokomfanekiso kusukela okungenani eminyakeni engu-42,000 edlule kanye nemifanekiso engokomfanekiso - ikakhulukazi izilwane - kusukela okungenani eminyakeni engu-37,000 edlule. Selokhu zatholakala eminyakeni engu-150 edlule, inhloso noma incazelo yalezi zimpawu ezingezona ezingokomfanekiso iye yababalekela abacwaningi. Okusha ucwaningo ngabacwaningi abazimele kanye nozakwabo abangochwepheshe abavela e-University College London kanye naseNyuvesi yaseDurham baphakamisa ukuthi izimpawu ezintathu ezivame ukwenzeka - umugqa '|', ichashazi '•', kanye 'Y' - zisebenze njengamayunithi okuxhumana. Ababhali bakhombisa ukuthi uma kutholakala ngokusondelene nezithombe zezilwane umugqa '|' kanye nechashazi elithi '•' lakha izinombolo ezichaza izinyanga, futhi akha izingxenye eziyinhloko zekhalenda lendawo le-phenological/meteorological eliqala entwasahlobo kanye nesikhathi sokurekhoda kusukela kuleli phuzu ezinyangeni zenyanga; baphinde babonise ukuthi uphawu 'Y', esinye sezibonakaliso ezivame ukwenzeka ku-Paleolithic non-figurative art, sinencazelo 'Ukuzala.'
Cishe eminyakeni engu-37,000 edlule abantu bashintsha besuka ekuphawuleni izithombe ezingacacile njengezigxivizo zezandla, amachashazi nonxande ezindongeni zomhume baya ekudwebeni, ekudwebeni nasekuqopheni ubuciko obungokomfanekiso.
Lezi zithombe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zakhiwe emadwaleni emoyeni, emihumeni, noma ziqoshwe futhi ziqoshwe ezintweni eziphathwayo, cishe bekungezezilwane kuphela, ikakhulukazi izilwane ezidla uhlaza ezibaluleke kakhulu ukuze ziphile ezinkangala ze-Pleistocene Eurasian.
Ezimweni eziningi kulula ukuhlonza izinhlobo eziveziwe, futhi ngokuvamile izici ezibonisa ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka.
E-Lascaux eminyakeni engaba ngu-21,500 edlule, ubujamo bomzimba kanye nemininingwane ye-pelage yayisetshenziselwa ukudlulisa ulwazi mayelana nokulandelana kwezinhlobo eziningana ezizingelayo ezindongeni zomhume.
Eceleni kwalezi zithombe, amasethi amamaki angabonakali, ikakhulukazi ukulandelana kwemigqa namachashazi aqondile, umumo 'Y' kanye namanye amamaki avamile avamile kuyo yonke i-European Upper Paleolithic, eyenzeka yodwa noma eduze kwayo futhi ibekwe phezulu emifanekisweni yezilwane, njengoba kade kwaziwa. .
Ocwaningweni olusha, umcwaningi ozimele u-Ben Bacon nozakwabo bathole ukuthi lawa mamaki aqopha ulwazi ngezinombolo futhi abhekisela ekhalendeni, kunokuba aqophe inkulumo.
Ngakho-ke izimpawu azikwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi 'ukubhala' ngomqondo ofanayo nezinhlelo zokubhala ze-pictographic kanye ne-cuneiform ezavela eSumer kusukela ngo-3,400 BCE kuya phambili.
Ababhali babhekisela emakhakheni njengohlelo 'lokubhala kwe-proto', oludala ezinye izinhlelo ezisekelwe kumathokheni ezavela ngesikhathi seNeolithic Eseduze NeMpumalanga okungenani iminyaka eyi-10,000.
“Incazelo yezimpawu ezingaphakathi kwale midwebo ibilokhu ingihlaba umxhwele ngakho-ke ngizimisele ngokuzama ukuyicacisa, ngisebenzisa indlela efanayo nabanye abayithatha ukuze baqonde uhlobo lokuqala lombhalo wesiGreki,” kusho uBacon.
“Ngisebenzisa ulwazi nezithombe zobuciko basemigedeni obutholakala ku-British Library naku-inthanethi, ngaqongelela idatha eningi ngangokunokwenzeka futhi ngaqala ukufuna amaphethini aphindaphindayo.”
“Njengoba isifundo siqhubeka, ngafinyelela kubangane nezifundiswa eziphezulu zasenyuvesi, amakhono azo ayebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni umbono wami.”
Ososayensi basebenzise imijikelezo yokuzalwa yezilwane ezifanayo namuhla njengereferensi yokuthola ukuthi inani lamamaki ahlotshaniswa nezilwane ze-Ice Age laliyirekhodi, ngenyanga yenyanga, lokuthi zazikhwelana nini.
Bathola ukuthi uphawu 'Y' olusetshenzisiwe lwalumele 'ukubeletha' futhi bathola ukuhlobana phakathi kwezinombolo zamamaki, indawo ka-Y kanye nezinyanga lapho izilwane zanamuhla zikhwelana ziphinde zizalwe ngokulandelana.
“Amakhalenda enyanga anzima ngoba kunezinyanga ezingaphansi kweshumi nambili nesigamu nje onyakeni, ngakho awangeni kahle onyakeni,” kusho uProfesa Tony Freeth wase-University College London.
"Ngenxa yalokho, ikhalenda lethu lesimanje selilahlekelwe yinoma yisiphi isixhumanisi sezinyanga zangempela zenyanga."
"E-Antikythera Mechanism, basebenzise ikhalenda lezibalo leminyaka engu-19 eliyinkimbinkimbi ukuze baxazulule ukungahambisani konyaka nenyanga yenyanga - okungenakwenzeka kubantu basePaleolithic."
“Ikhalenda labo bekufanele libe lula kakhulu. Kwakumelwe futhi kube ‘ikhalenda lesimo sezulu,’ elihlobene nokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa, hhayi izenzakalo zezinkanyezi ezinjengama-equinox.”
“Sinalezi zimiso engqondweni mina noBen kancane kancane sakha ikhalenda elasiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani isimiso esambulwa uBen sasitholakala emhlabeni wonke jikelele kanye nezilinganiso zesikhathi ezingavamile.”
“Lolu cwaningo lubonisa ukuthi abazingeli be-Ice Age babengabokuqala ukusebenzisa ikhalenda ehlelekile namamaki ukuze babhale imininingwane ngezenzakalo ezinkulu zemvelo kulelo khalenda,” kusho uProfesa waseDurham University uPaul Pettitt.
“Nathi siyakwazi ukukhombisa ukuthi laba bantu, abashiya ifa lobuciko obumangalisayo emigedeni yaseLascaux nase-Altamira, baphinde bashiya irekhodi lokugcina isikhathi okwakungase libe yinsakavukela phakathi kwezinhlobo zethu zezilwane.”
“Okushiwo ukuthi abazingeli be-Ice Age abazange baphile nje esikhathini sabo samanje, kodwa babhala izinkumbulo zesikhathi lapho izenzakalo zesikhathi esidlule zenzeka futhi basebenzisa lezi ukuze balindele ukuthi izenzakalo ezifanayo zizokwenzeka nini esikhathini esizayo, ikhono abacwaningi benkumbulo abalibiza ngokuthi. ukuhamba ngokwengqondo,” kusho uSolwazi Robert Kentridge waseDurham University.
Abacwaningi banethemba lokuthi ukucacisa izici ezengeziwe zesistimu yokubhala ye-proto kuzobavumela ukuba bathuthukise ukuqonda ukuthi yiluphi ulwazi abantu bokuqala ababelubheka njengebalulekile.
“Njengoba sijula emhlabeni wabo, esikutholayo ukuthi lawa madlozi asemandulo ayafana nathi kunalokho ebesikucabanga phambilini,” kusho uBacon. "Laba bantu, abahlukaniswe nathi izinkulungwane zeminyaka, ngokuzumayo sebesondele kakhulu."
Okweqembu iphepha lanyatheliswa kuyi-Cambridge Archaeological Journal.
