Ngokuka-Joel Klenck we-Maritime Executive, kutholwe isikhumba sethole isikhumba sesikhumba ngaphakathi koMphongolo kaNowa, osanda kutholwa kabusha, okulinganiselwa ukuthi wawusukela ku-13,100-9,600 BC. Iphepha lesikhumba laliqukethe izinhlamvu, izinombolo kanye nohlelo lolimi lwesiHeberu Esivamile, okucatshangwa ukuthi zalotshwa omunye wabantu abane okukhulunywa ngabo kokubili kuGenesise 6:10 nakuQur’an, njengoNowa, uShemi, uHamu, uJafete, noma omkabo.
UJoel Klenck, wase-Academia.edu, ugomela ngokuthi umkhumbi kaNowa, ofinyeleleka ngemigudu amamitha amane kuya kwayishumi nanye ngaphansi kwezinga lomhlabathi futhi otholakala eningizimu yeNtaba i-Ararati, uyindawo yemivubukulo ehlaba umxhwele kunazo zonke ezake zaba khona. Umkhumbi ulinganiselwa ukuthi wakhiwe nge-Late Epipaleolithic Period (13,100-9,600 BC) futhi cishe ubude be-158 amamitha, nokuphakama kwe-3,900 kuya ku-4,700 amamitha. Ukwengeza, kunezici eziyishumi nane zemivubukulo sezizonke.
IRiphabhulikhi yaseTurkey inikezwa ithuba lokuphila noma lokufa ngokuba khona komkhumbi kaNowa; ingaletha inzuzo yonyaka yamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-38 eDogubayazit, idolobha eliseduze, ngokuvakasha kwezenkolo ngenxa yokusekelwa izinkolo ezintathu zika-Abrahama zeqembu lezilimi zamaSemite. Uma uhulumeni omkhulu waseTurkey engathathi isinyathelo sokuvikela umkhumbi kaNowa, i-PKK, inhlangano ye-Marxist eyaziwa ngobuphekula bayo obunobudlova, ingase iveze umkhumbi, ishintshe i-codex yayo eyigugu nezinto zokwenziwa ngezikhali, futhi ikhulule ubhubhane lwe-Stone Age endle yezilwane encibilikayo. ngaphakathi, okulimaza izakhamuzi zaseTurkey.
Isikebhe sasolwandle sasendulo sibonisa isikebhe esitshekile, amakheji amaningi, ubulongwe bezilwane obugcinwe phansi emiddens, irempu ethambekele, amadekhi amathathu, ama-ballasts, amagumbi okugcina, izimbaza zamatshe eziqashwe ekubazini olwandle, kanye nangaphandle nangaphandle. ingaphakathi lomkhumbi limbozwe ngephimbo. Ngaphakathi koMphongolo, izitsha zobumba azikho, kodwa kukhona iqoqo lamathuluzi e-Late Stone Age neziqukathi ezenziwe ngokhuni, izindwangu, izintambo, izinto ezenziwe ngamathambo nezokhuni, izinsalela zezitshalo, kanye nezinhlamvu ezifuywayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa i-chickpea, i-vetch ebabayo, iphizi, nokusanhlamvu.
Eduze komnyango woMphongolo kaNowa, izizukulwane zakamuva zakha izindawo zokukhulekela ezincane ezaziqukethe izinto zobuciko ezazibekwe ngokukhethekile ukuba zifanekisele inhlonipho izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Abavubukuli bathola izindengezi zePottery Neolithic period (7,000-5,800 BC) kuze kufike enkathini ye-Medieval (AD 700-1375) ezazigcwele iminonjana yewayini, ubisi, kanye nembewu. Ukwengeza, izibalo zamatshe ezincane zenkathi yeSumerian Early Dynastic Period (2,900-2,334 BC) zatholakala kulezi zindawo zokukhonza.
Izigxivizo ze-Akkadian kusukela ngo-2,300 BC zifanekisela uMphongolo eNtabeni enkulu i-Ararati, kuyilapho izibhebhe zaseHurrian zango-1,300 BC zibhekisela kuNowa, iNtaba i-Ararati, kanye nonkulunkulu ophakeme. Lesi sakhiwo siyahambisana nokulandisa koMphongolo kaNowa obhalwe nguPatriarch uMose kuGenesise, izazi ezaziwayo uBerossus noJosephus, kanye neQuran yoMprofethi WamaSulumane uMuhammed.
Abantu base-Armenia bebelokhu bezama ukugcina uMphongolo kaNowa ufihliwe kusukela ngo-247 BC, besebenzela ukugcina ukuzimela kwabo. UMkrtich Khrimian, umholi weBandla lase-Armenian, wanikeza imiyalo ngo-1907 ukuthi aqhubeke ewufihla, umzamo ogcinwe uyimfihlo ngokuhlanzwa kukaStalinist. Lokhu kube nomthelela emlandweni we-Anatolian, kwavusa imizwa eyahlukene. U-Klenck ulwa neqembu elihlangene ne-PKK, elizama ukubhidliza uMphongolo, okusho ukuthi ku-Islam, ubuKristu kanye nobuJuda ngokufanayo.
Umvubukuli uphawula ukuthi iCodex ayihambisani nezinkolelo-mbono zamanje ezithi izilimi zokuqala zavela kubantu abasakazeke emhlabeni wonke. Kunalokho, ukuba khona koMphongolo eNtabeni i-Ararati, nombhalo wawo wePaleo-Hebrew, kusekela okushiwo uMose, uJesu, nomprofethi wamaSulumane uMuhammed ukuthi izilimi zamaSemite zakha ulimi lokuqala emhlabeni, olusinda kuZamcolo womhlaba wonke.
U-Abraham Ibn Ezra (AD 1089-1167), phakathi kwezinye izazi ezidumile, wathi izahluko zokuqala zikaGenesise zadluliselwa ngomlomo zisuka ku-Adamu zaya kuMose. Igama elithi 'Toledot', elisho 'i-akhawunti' noma 'isizukulwane', livezwa okokuqala kuGenesise 2:5 , futhi liyaphindwa ezahlukweni ezilandelayo, njengoGenesise 5:1, 6:9, 10:1 . 10:32, no-11:10. Ngokombono ka-Ibn Ezra, le nqubo yasetshenziswa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukulondolozwa kokulandisa kweBhayibheli kusukela ekudalweni kuya oFudukweni lwaseGibhithe. Noma kunjalo, ukutholakala kweCodex NgeNkathi Yakamuva Yamatshe, eyabhalwa ngesiPaleo-Hebrew, kusho ukuthi iToledot cishe yayiyiqoqo lezincwadi ezilotshiwe uMose azifaka kuyiPentateuch, kusukela kuGenesise kuya kuDuteronomi.
I-Codex yatholwa e-Area A1, e-Locus 14, indawo encane emphemeni wesibili womkhumbi. Le ndawo yayisetshenziselwa ukufudumeza ukudla namanzi. Ngemva kwemishayo yemisipres eyayisikwe ingxenye eyakha izindonga zesakhiwo, kwatholakala indawo ecashile lapho umbhalo wesandla wawutholakala khona. Ku-Locus 14, kwatholakala izandulela zobumba, kuhlanganise nezitsha zokhuni ezimbozwe ngodaka lobumba olwalushiselwe eMphongolweni.Kukholakala ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwezitsha zobumba kwavela ekusetshenzisweni kwezitsha ze-gypsum kanye nezitsha zomcako ezishisiwe noma i-White Ware (Vaiselles Blanches ).
Abavubukuli babhekene nencazelo eqondile yokusungulwa kwezitsha zobumba ngenxa yoMphongolo kaNowa: Abantu be-Stone Age babezodala izitsha ngokhuni, bese bezimboza ngobumba futhi bazishise emlilweni. Ekugcineni, abantu basuka emiklamo yamapulangwe esikhundleni salokho basebenzisa izitsha zobumba ezaziqiniswa ukushisa, babeka isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kokukhiqizwa kobumba.
I-Codex iqukethe izinhlobonhlobo zezitayela zokubhala ngesandla, kusukela ekubhaleni okunzima kakhulu, okufana nebhulokhi komuntu oyedwa kuya kuma-stroke athambile, acolisisiwe omhleli olungise iphutha egameni elithi “impilo,” elibhalwe ngesi-Paleo-Hebrew.
I-Noah's Ark Codex yakhiwe ngesikhumba, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-klaf noma i-vellum, eyakhiwe kusukela esikhumbeni sezilwane ze-kosher njengamathole. Isembozo se-codex singu-14.67 cm ubude no-10.59 cm ububanzi, sinezibopho ezintathu ezenziwe ngesikhumba esithambile. Kunamakhasi ayisikhombisa e-klaf emincane enemiphetho ephukayo, enobude obungu-9.75 cm no-7.53 cm ububanzi.
Isikhumba se-Vellum siqukethe i-collagen eningi. Lapho amanzi akupende ehlangana nesikhumba, i-collagen iyancibilika, yenze ama-grooves ku-klaf futhi iphakamise izindawo zopende. Iyakwazi futhi ukungenwa yimvelo, ikakhulukazi umswakama. I-Codex yatholakala e-Locus 14, Area A1, indawo ephakeme nelondeke kakhulu yoMphongolo.Le ndawo izungezwe izakhiwo ezine ezinkulu kanye nohlaka lomkhumbi. Ingaphakathi nangaphandle kwalezi zakhiwo zimbozwe ngezendlalelo zephimbo, itiyela nenhlaka. Ukuphakama kwe-Area A1 kungaphezu kwamamitha angu-4000 eNtabeni i-Ararati futhi ingcwatshwe ngaphansi kwamamitha angu-8 eqhwa elicwebezelayo kanye nezinto ze-lithic, ngaphandle komswakama. Iningi lopende ovela ku-Codex usuphelile, kodwa okusele ukucutshungulwa okwenziwe ukuncibilika kwe-collagen ngenkathi upende usetshenziswa okokuqala ngeNkathi Yasemuva ye-Epipaleolithic Period (13,100 - 9,600 BC).
I-Codex yakhiwe ngomumo osuka kwesokudla kuye kwesokunxele, njengesiHebheru sanamuhla nesi-Arabhu, futhi ukusuka phezulu kuye phansi. Amakhasi ahlanganiswe ndawonye. Ngeshwa, lapho umbhalo wesandla utholwa, izingxenye ezimbili zahlukaniswa, zembula amakhasi 2, 3, 4 no-5. Ekhasini lesi-2 nelesi-4, kungabonakala okufiphele kwe-collagen ye-vellum, kodwa kubonisa izithombe ezihlanekezelwe. Ngakho, izazi ziyakwazi ukubona ingemuva lekhasi lesi-2 nelesi-4, nengemuva lekhasi 3 nelesi-5. Izinhlamvu ze-Paleo-Hebrew ziyahlukahluka kusuka kwezinhlamvu ezicashwe ngokujulile kuye kwezicashile. Ukuze wembule amagama engeziwe nezimpawu ku-Codex, i-multi-spectral ne-x-ray imaging iyadingeka.
Kuyi-Codex, uphawu lokuqala lokukhanya lubonakala ngezithombe ezintathu: iNtaba i-Ararati, ukhahlamba lwezintaba oluseningizimu ye-Ararati, nekamela. Lolu ungqimba lwakhiwe ngegobolondo legolide, okuyimpushana yegolide ehlanganiswe ne-gum arabic noma iqanda. Ukwengeza, ama-menorah amabili anamakhandlela angu-5 angabonakala ngaphandle kwezisekelo eduze kweNtaba i-Ararati enkulu.
Abantu abangamaKurd abahlala eduze kweNtaba i-Ararati bakholelwa ukuthi umkhumbi kaNowa uphethe igolide, futhi lokhu kuyiqiniso ngempela. Ukukhanya kweCodex kwenziwa kusetshenziswa impushana yegolide etholakala ngaphakathi komkhumbi. Njengoba uMphongolo usendaweni ekude neyodwa entabeni eMpumalanga Eseduze, kude nemithombo yegolide, kungenzeka ukuthi impushana yegolide isuka esikhathini ngaphambi kokuba ukuphakama kweNtaba kwandiswe ngenxa yentaba-mlilo nohlangothi lwayo olusenyakatho. yashintshwa ku-morphology, okulinganiselwa ukuthi cishe i-9,600 BC ngesikhathi se-Epipaleolithic Period.
I-Codex iphinde icabange ukuthi kungaba khona eminye imibhalo yesandla ye-klaf egcinwe ngaphakathi koMphongolo kaNowa. -Imidlalo yamagama yesiHeberu, izitatimende ezimfushane, nokuvezwa kwezithombe ezikhanyisiwe. Ukwengeza, lo mbhalo ubhekisela ezicini eziphathelene noNowa noZamcolo Omkhulu okukhulunywe ngazo kokubili kuGenesise neKur'an, kodwa akukho neyodwa imishwana yayo engatholakala kunoma yimuphi umbhalo. Ngikholelwa ukuthi eminye imibhalo yesandla, njengezingxenye ‘zeToledot’ okukhulunywe ngazo eBhayibhelini no-Ibn Ezra akhuluma ngazo, isagcinwe ngaphakathi emkhunjini.
U-Klenck ubeka ukuthi uhulumeni waseTurkey kufanele ulawule i-Codex, kanye nezinto zobuciko kanye nezakhiwo ezivela eMkhunjini kaNowa, okuye kwanconywa uMuhammed, uJesu noMose ngokufanayo. Uqhubeka ngokuzwakalisa ukudumala kwakhe ngenxa yokuntuleka kokuqondisa kweziphathimandla zemivubukulo yaseTurkey, njengoba lezi zinto zobuciko eziyigugu ezifanekisela ukuqala kwempucuko kanye neNkathi yeNeolithic, ziphangwa futhi zonakaliswa. U-Klenck uphetha, ebiza lokhu kubhujiswa koMphongolo nezinto zawo zobuciko njengenhlekelele.
I-PRC, Inc., eyasungulwa ngo-2007, inikeza izinsiza zemivubukulo yomhlaba wonke ezihlanganisa izinhlolovo, ukumba kanye nophenyo.
Ukubaluleka kokuzivocavoca akunakuphikwa. Ukuzivocavoca umzimba kubalulekile empilweni yethu yonke, njengoba kusiza ukuqinisa umzimba nengqondo. Kungasiza ukunciphisa ingozi yokuba nezifo eziningi ezingalapheki futhi kuthuthukise izinga lethu lokuphila. Ukuzivocavoca akudingekile ukuba kube nzima kakhulu ukuze kuzuzise; ngisho nokuzivocavoca okusesilinganisweni kunganikeza izinzuzo ezinkulu zezempilo.
