Cishe zonke izinsuku, ucezu olusha lobuchwepheshe luyaphuma. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ungazama imibono eminingi ehlukene futhi uthuthukise emisha emisha. Abantu bakudala babebona lokhu njengethuba, ngakho bakha okuthile futhi benza kahle kunoma yini ababeyithola.
Umhlaba ukweleta izinto eziningi ngokutholwa yimpucuko yasendulo. Benza izinto ezinkulu, futhi umsebenzi wabo uye wathuthukisa umhlaba. Abantu manje bathola ukujabulela imiphumela yemibono yabo emangalisayo. Namuhla, sizokhuluma ngezinto ezisunguliwe zaseSumeri ezivela empucukweni yaseMesopotamiya.
AmaSumer ayaziwa ngokwenza izinto ezimangalisayo
AmaSumer ayengabantu bokuqala eMesopotamiya ukuhlala emadolobheni azimele anezindonga eziwazungezile. Abantu babecabanga ukuthi bacebe kakhulu futhi banobuhlakani, futhi isiko labo lalihlanganisa ukulima, ukuhweba, nokwenza umculo. Ukubhala kwakuyinto ebalulekile amaSumer aqhamuka nayo. Baqhamuke nendlela yokubhala ebizwa ngokuthi ama-pictographs.
Lezi kwakuyizithombe ezidwetshwe emadwaleni noma ematsheni, kamuva ezaphenduka zaba i-cuneiform, indlela yokubhala. Uhlelo lokubhala lwaseSumeri lwalunephethini yokubhala ukusuka phezulu kuye phansi, kodwa lokhu kwashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwabhalwa kusukela kwesobunxele kuya kwesokudla. Ngo-2800 BC, abantu base besebenzisa ifonetiki. Nokho, leso kwakuyisiqalo nje. AmaSumer aqhamuka nezinye izinto eziningi ezimangalisayo, ezilandelana.
Ukwenziwa kwethusi
I-Copper yasetshenziswa okokuqala ngamaSumerians. Ithusi lalingenye yezinsimbi zokuqala ezazingenalo igugu. Ubufakazi bemivubukulo bubonisa ukuthi abantu bafunde indlela yokuthola ithusi emhlabathini futhi bayisebenzise cishe eminyakeni engu-5000 kuya ku-6000 edlule. Ngokufunda ukwenza ithusi, benza umehluko omkhulu ekukhuleni kwamadolobha anjenge-Uruk, iSumer, i-Uri, ne-al Ubaid eMesopotamiya.
AmaSumer asebenzisa ithusi ukuze enze imicibisholo, izinsingo, amahabhu nezinye izinto eziningi ezincane. Kamuva, baqala nokwenza amabhodwe ethusi, amashizolo nojeke. AmaSumer ayenekhono kakhulu ekwenzeni lezi zinto. Namuhla, ukwenza izinto zethusi sekufinyelele ezingeni elisha, kodwa amaSumeri ayengowokuqala ukuqala ukwenza izinto zethusi.
Isikhathi
Ngisho noma wonke umuntu wayazi imini nobusuku, amaSumeri ayengabokuqala ukuhlukanisa isikhathi sibe izingxenye ezihlukene. Babonisa umhlaba ukuthi kudlula amasonto, izinyanga neminyaka. AmaSumer asebenzisa uhlelo olubizwa ngokuthi “base 60” ukuze bathole izindawo zezinkanyezi. Wonke umuntu wase-Eurasia wakuthanda futhi wakwamukela abakwenzayo.
Wheel
Ungase ucabange ukuthi isondo umqondo omdala, kodwa akunjalo. Yenziwa cishe ngo-3500 BCE eMesophothamiya, isikhathi esisemuva kakhulu emlandweni wesintu. Abantu base beqalile ukutshala izitshalo nokugcina izilwane njengezilwane ezifuywayo. Baphinde babe nokuhleleka komphakathi. AmaSumer ayengabantu bokuqala ukwenza amasondo ngokhuni.
Bahlanganisa izingodo bazigingqa ukuze kube lula ukuhambisa izinto ezisindayo. Isinyathelo ngesinyathelo, babebuka ukuthi inqola ihamba kanjani base bebhoboza imbobo ohlakeni lwenqola ukuze kube nendawo ye-asi. Ekugcineni, babeka amasondo Ndawonye ukwenza inqola. Namuhla, leli sondo lisetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokuthutha emhlabeni wonke.
Uhlelo lwezinombolo
Enye into ebalulekile amaSumer ayenza yayiyindlela yokubala. Yaqala ukusetshenziswa ngenkulungwane yesithathu yeminyaka BCE futhi yayibizwa ngokuthi i-Sexagesimal. AbaseBabiloni lasendulo namanye amazwe babe sebeyisebenzisa. Abantu baqhamuke nalo mqondo ngoba bedinga indlela yokulandelela izilimo abazidayisayo.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, baqala ukumaka inombolo yokuqala ngezigaxa ezincane zobumba. Ngendlela efanayo, ibhola lalisho ishumi, kanti ikhoni yobumba enkulu yayisho amashumi ayisithupha. Benza imodeli elula ye-abacus kanye nesistimu yezinombolo ezisekelwe ku-60. Lapha, izinombolo zazibalwa kusetshenziswa amaqupha ethusi angu-12 esandleni esisodwa neminwe emihlanu ngakolunye uhlangothi.
I-Sailboat
AmaSumer enza izikebhe ngoba ayezidinga eminyakeni engaba ngu-5,000 XNUMX edlule. Babefuna usizo oluthile ukuze bakhulise ibhizinisi labo lokuhweba. Ngakho, ukuze kube lula ukuhamba emanzini, benza izikebhe ngokhuni kanye ne-papyrus okwakulula futhi kulula ukuhamba.
Oseyili babeyizikwele futhi benziwe ngendwangu. Kwakuyisikebhe esilula. Lezi zikebhe zazisiza kwezohwebo nakwezebhizinisi, kodwa futhi zazisiza nangokunisela ngenkasa nokudoba. Kucatshangwa ukuthi kwakungenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ezasiza abantu baseMesophothamiya bakhe umbuso omkhulu.
izikhali
Abantu bacabanga ukuthi amaSumeri ayengawokuqala ukwenza izikhali, kodwa amanye amasiko aziqothula. Ngenxa yokuthi kwakuhlale kunempi phakathi kwezifunda zedolobha laseSumer, benza izikhali ezasetshenziswa iminyaka eminingi kamuva. Izinqola, izinkemba zesikela, nezimbazo ezinezikhoxe zethusi, ezashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi zaba izimbazo ezihlabayo, konke kwakuyizikhali eziwusizo kakhulu.
Inkosi
Cishe ngo-3000 BC, iSumer neGibhithe womabili athola amakhosi awo okuqala. Ihlobo, “izwe labantu abanamakhanda amnyama,” lalidinga umholi owayezohola abantu abaningi ababehlala lapho. Abapristi babephethe lezi zifundazwe esikhathini esidlule, kodwa babengenawo amandla angempela. Lokhu kwaholela embonweni wobukhosi, lapho umholi ayephethe futhi enesibopho kubantu ababehlala ezifundeni zaseSumeri esikhathini esizayo.
Ikhalenda yenyanga
AmaSumer kucatshangwa ukuthi ayengabantu bokuqala ukwakha ikhalenda yenyanga. Leli khalenda lisekelwe ezigabeni eziphindaphindayo zenyanga. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izigaba zenyanga zazisetshenziselwa ukubala izinyanga eziyi-12. AmaSumer ayenezinkathi ezimbili zonyaka, ihlobo nobusika, futhi imicikilisho yomshado engcwele yayiqhutshwa ngosuku lokuqala konyaka omusha.
Basebenzisa izigaba zenyanga ukubala unyaka njengezinyanga eziyi-12. Futhi, ukuze kulungiswe umehluko phakathi kwalo nyaka nezinkathi zonyaka, bengeze inyanga onyakeni ngamunye olandelayo olandela ezine. Ingxenye engcono kakhulu ukuthi amanye amaqembu enkolo asasebenzisa leli khalenda lezinyanga namuhla.
Ikhodi ye-Ur-Nammu
Ikhodi yomthetho endala kakhulu esekhona yayibhalwe ezibhebheni zobumba ngolimi lwaseSumeri ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yesithathu BCE. Lo mthetho usinika umbono wokuthi ubulungisa benziwa kanjani emphakathini waseSumeri kudala.
Board Game
Umdlalo wasebukhosini i-Uri, obuye ubizwe ngokuthi I-Game of Twenty Squares, kwakuwumdlalo webhodi ovela eMesopotamiya yasendulo owadlalwa cishe ngo-2500 BCE. Ngawo-1920, uSir Leonard Woolley wamisa izinsalela zayo. IBritish Museum yaseLondon isenalo elinye lamabhodi amabili. Lona kwakungomunye wemidlalo yebhodi ethandwa kakhulu futhi endala, kodwa abantu ababili babengawudlala kuphela.
