Wake wazibuza ukuthi sazi kanjani okuningi ngesiko nomlando waseGibhithe lasendulo? Impendulo ilele ekutholakaleni kwetshe iRosetta ngo-1799. Lokhu kutholakala kwenhlanhla kwanikeza isihluthulelo sokuvula imfihlakalo ye-Hieroglyphics yaseGibhithe, okuvumela izazi ukuba ziluqonde ekugcineni ulimi olwase luyimfihlakalo amakhulu eminyaka.
I-Rosetta Stone yahumusha umyalo we-Demotic, ulimi lwabantu baseGibhithe lasendulo lansuku zonke, olimini lwesiGreek kanye ne-hieroglyphics. Lokhu kutholwa okuyisisekelo kwavula umnyango wengcebo yolwazi ngempucuko yasendulo, kusukela ekuhlelweni kwayo kwezenhlalo nezombusazwe kuya ezinkolelweni zabo zenkolo nempilo yansuku zonke. Namuhla, siyakwazi ukufunda nokwazisa isiko elicebile labantu baseGibhithe ngenxa yemizamo engakhathali yezazi ezathola umbhalo we-hieroglyphs etsheni iRosetta.
Njengemibhalo yaseGibhithe yasendulo, iminyaka eminingi, umbhalo wama-Elamite womugqa ubuyimfihlakalo ezifundweni nasezazi-mlando ngokufanayo. Lesi simiso sokubhala sasendulo, esasisetshenziswa ama-Elamu endaweni manje ebizwa ngokuthi i-Iran yanamuhla, siye sadida abacwaningi amashumi eminyaka ngezinhlamvu zabo eziyinkimbinkimbi nencazelo engaqondakali. Kodwa ukuphumelela kwakamuva ekuchazeni umbhalo kunikeze ithemba lokuthi izimfihlo ze-Elamu yomugqa zingase zembulwe ekugcineni.
Ngosizo lobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe nethimba lochwepheshe elizinikele, imininingwane emisha ngalolu limi lwakudala iyavela. Kusukela kuzinkomba ezitholakala emibhalweni ebhaliwe nama-artifact kuya kuma-algorithms ekhompuyutha athuthukile, iphazili ye-Elamite yomugqa ihlanganiswa kancane kancane. Ngakho-ke, ingabe izazi zigcine ziwuqhelile umthetho?
Ithimba labacwaningi, elinelungu ngalinye elivela eNyuvesi yaseTehran, eMpumalanga Kentucky University kanye naseNyuvesi yaseBologna esebenzisana nomunye umcwaningi ozimele, wathi uqedile Iningi lolimi lwasendulo lwase-Iran olubizwa ngokuthi i-Linear Elamite. Ephepheni labo elishicilelwe kumagazini wolimi lwesiJalimane i-Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie, leli qembu lichaza umsebenzi elawenza ukuze lihlaziye izibonelo zolimi lwasendulo oluye lwatholakala futhi linikeza izibonelo ezithile zombhalo ohunyushelwe esiNgisini.
Ngo-1903, iqembu labavubukuli baseFrance lavubukula izibhebhe ezazinamagama aqoshwe kuzo endaweni yokumba endundumeni yase-Acropolis eSusa e-Iran. Iminyaka eminingi, izazi-mlando zazikholelwa ukuthi ulimi olusetshenziswe ezibhebheni lwaluhlobene nolunye ulimi olwaziwa ngokuthi I-Proto-Elamite. Ucwaningo lwakamuva luphakamise ukuthi ukuxhumana phakathi kwakho kokubili kuqinile kakhulu.
Kusukela ngesikhathi sokutholwa kokuqala, kuye kwatholakala izinto ezengeziwe ezazilotshwe ngolimi olufanayo—inani eliphelele namuhla licishe libe ngu-40. Phakathi kwezinto ezitholakele, ezivelele kakhulu imibhalo eqoshwe emibhodweni eminingana yesiliva. Amaqembu amaningana afunde lolu limi futhi angenele, kodwa iningi lolimi lisalokhu liyimfihlakalo. Kulo mzamo omusha, abacwaningi bathathe lapho amanye amaqembu ocwaningo eshiye khona futhi basebenzisa amasu amasha ukucacisa umbhalo.
Amasu amasha asetshenziswe ithimba kulo mzamo omusha, ahilela ukuqhathanisa amagama aziwayo e-cuneiform namagama atholakala kumbhalo we-Linear Elamite. Kukholakala ukuthi zombili izilimi zazisetshenziswa ezingxenyeni zaseMpumalanga Ephakathi ngesikhathi esisodwa, ngakho-ke, kufanele kube nezinkomba ezihlanganyelwe njengamagama ababusi, izihloko zabantu, izindawo noma eminye imisebenzi ebhaliwe kanye nemishwana evamile.
Abacwaningi baphinde babheka lokho abakholelwa ukuthi kuyizimpawu, esikhundleni samagama, bebheke ukubanikeza izincazelo. Ezimpawini ezingama-300 abakwazile ukuzibona, ithimba lithole ukuthi likwazile ukwabela u-3.7% wazo ezinhlakeni ezinengqondo. Noma kunjalo, bakholelwa ukuthi baye baqonda ingxenye enkulu yolimi futhi baze banikeza izinguqulo zeminye yemibhalo emibhodweni yesiliva. Isibonelo esisodwa, "uPuzur-Sušinak, inkosi yase-Awan, u-Insušinak [okungenzeka ukuthi unkulunkulu] uyamthanda."
Umsebenzi wabacwaningi uhlangabezane nokungabaza kwabanye emphakathini ngenxa yezigameko ezahlukene ezizungeze umsebenzi. Eminye yemibhalo esetshenziswa njengemithombo, isibonelo, nayo iyasola. Futhi amanye amaqoqo ezinto ezibhalwe ngolimi kuzo kungenzeka atholwe ngokungemthetho. Futhi, umbhali ohambisana naye ephepheni unqabile izicelo zokuphawula ngomsebenzi owenziwe yithimba.
