Umqoqi we-avocational wathola inkemba yevoti yaseShayina edalulwe kancane ngemuva kwezimpande osebeni olugugulekile lomfudlana omncane e-Georgia ngoJulayi 2014. Insalela engamasentimitha angu-30 cishe itholakala eNyakatho Melika futhi inezela kulokhu uhlu olukhulayo lwezinto zobuciko zase-China ezibonakala zingekho ezibonisa ukuhamba kwama-China ukuya eNyakatho Melika phakathi nenkathi yangaphambi kwe-Columbian.
Inkemba ebabazekayo ikhonjwe njengeyenziwe nge-Lizardite futhi inezici ezingaphezulu ezikhombisa ukuthi indala kakhulu. Ukuhlola okuzayo ngethemba kuzosungula uhlobo lwetshe futhi kukhomba umthombo, njengoba amadiphozithi e-Lizardite ekhona kokubili i-hemispheres esempumalanga nesentshonalanga.
Izimpendulo zemibuzo yokuthi ubani, nokuthi kanjani azikaziwa. Umzamo wokusebenzisa izinqubo zokuhlola i-thermoluminescence ukuze kutholakale ukuthi inhlabathi endaweni okukhishwe kuyo igcine nini ukuchayeka elangeni iye yaphazamiseka njengoba kwatholakala ukuthi inhlabathi iphazamisekile.
Kusenengxenye encane yezinto ezixhumene ezingaziwa ebambelele ensinini engamukeleka ukuqomisana nge-radiocarbon, kanye nezigaba ezikhethiwe zokwandiswa kwendawo ezingase ziveze ulwazi oluwusizo.
Isimboli saseShayina
Izimpawu ezihlukahlukene kanye nesimo senkemba, kokubili okutholakala ezintweni zobuciko ze-jade ezivela ku-Xia (2070-1600 BC), u-Shang (1600-1046 BC), kanye ne-Zhou Dynasties, azicacisi kangako (1046-256 BC). Ubukhosi bakwa-Shang bumelwe i-motif kadrako ehlanganisa ingxenye ephezulu yensingo, kanjalo nomqhele onezimpaphe.
Imaski yobuso be-Taotie esabekayo kunogada wenkemba nesibambo ekuqaleni yenzeka ngesikhathi sempucuko yase-Liangzhu (3400-2250 BC), nakuba itholakala kakhulu ngezikhathi ze-Shang ne-Zhou. (Ingxoxo yomuntu siqu no-Siu-Leung Lee, Ph.D., kanye nomsebenzi ozoshicilelwa maduze.)
Ukuba khona kokuxilongwa kwenkathi ye-Shang, kanye nokufana kwe-Taotie nezithombe ze-Mesoamerican Olmec w ere-jaguar, kunikeza izinkomba zokuthi inkemba yakhiqizwa nini kanye nebanga lesikhathi esinzima lokuthi yafika nini e-Georgia.
IsiShayina - uxhumano lwe-Olmec?
Cishe ikhulu leminyaka, izazi ziye zaphikisana ngokufana phakathi kwezinganekwane zaseShayina nezase-Olmec kanye nezithombe. Mhlawumbe akuyona ingozi ukuthi impucuko yase-Olmec iqala cishe ngo-1500 BC, ekuqaleni koMbuso WaseShang, nokuthi umlando wokuqala oqoshiwe waseShayina uqala.
Kwaphawula ukuqala kweNkathi Yethusi, okwaphumela emisebenzini emihle yobuciko yethusi, izinqola zethusi, nezikhali. Ngalesi sikhathi, kwavela umlingiswa wokuqala waseShayina, kanye nezinhlelo ezinkulu zokunisela kanye neminye imisebenzi yomphakathi, konke okukhomba umphakathi oyinkimbinkimbi noguqukile.
Kwaba umzuzwana futhi esikweni lamaShayina lapho i-jade yayiyigugu kakhulu kunegolide, futhi izicukuthwane zase-Olmec, ezazinezimayini ze-jade endaweni manje ebizwa ngokuthi iHonduras neGuatemala, zazizwa ngendlela efanayo.
Kungenzeka ukuthi i-Olmec, phakathi nesikhathi sabo se-Middle Formative (900-300 BC), yanqoba izinkinga zokubumba nokubhoboza i-Jade (itshe eliqinile kangangokuthi alikwazi ukuphathwa ngamathuluzi ensimbi) libe yizicucu ezincane zokuhlobisa kanye ne-votive enezinto ezixubile. .
Ukufana phakathi kobuciko be-Chinese kanye ne-Olmec kuyamangaza, futhi ukuqhathanisa okuhle kakhulu kungatholakala ku-Art and Ritual in Early Chinese and Mesoamerican Cultures, Santiago Gonzalez Villajos, 2009.
Ukwethulwa okungenzeka kwemibono yamaShayina yokubusa nokuhlukaniswa, kanye nenkolo nezimpawu zabo, kube nomthelela kuma-Olmec kanye nezizwe zaseMesoamerica ezalandela. Kwakuyisenzakalo esasizokwenziwa ngekhulu le-16 lapho abefundisi baseSpain bewela ogwini nesiphambano sobuKristu.
Inkemba yafika kanjani eGeorgia? Okunye okungenzeka:
Lezi zici ezintsha zamasiko ama-Olmec zaqala ukusabalala esifundeni kusukela ngo-900 BC. Kunobufakazi obuningi bokuthi zaba isisekelo samanye amaqembu amasiko angaleso sikhathi nawesikhathi esizayo, njengamaMaya.
Izinkolelo ezibalulekile zama-Olmec zahlala phakathi nenkathi yokunqoba yekhulu le-16, nokho, zashintshwa amasiko ahlukene ukuze kwaneliswe izimfuneko zendawo kanye nezinguquko ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngokumangalisayo, eminye yale migomo emidala, njengokutshalwa kommbila, isetshenziswa namuhla yimiphakathi ethile yendabuko yaseMesoamerica.
Lokhu kubhebhetheka kucatshangwa ukuthi kwenzeke ngenxa yohwebo lwamanethiwekhi ohwebo olwandle lwase-Olmec oluletha imikhiqizo yohwebo eyisisekelo nengavamile.
Isici esithakazelisayo salesi senzo samasiko, nokuthi kungani sigqanyiswa, ukuthi siqala cishe ngo-900 BC lapho i-Olmec iqala ukukhiqiza izinto zobuciko zeJade, njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwezigxivizo zokuphrinta eziyisicaba neziyisilinda, ubuchwepheshe obaqala ukuvela kurekhodi le-artifact yase-Mesoamerica nge-Olmec, kuwumfanekiso we-geographic scope yalokhu kusakazeka kwamasiko. Izigxivizo zokuphrinta ziqala ukuvela eChina ngesikhathi soBukhosi bukaShang.
Amasiko ama-Olmec asakaza enyakatho
Ngo-800 BC, izimvu zamanzi zase zisetshenziswa enyakatho yeNingizimu Melika, cishe amamayela angu-1700 eningizimu ye-Olmec heartland, kanye nebanga elilinganayo enyakatho ye-Adena Culture (800 BC-1 AD) eNyakatho Melika esenyakatho ye-Ohio River Valley. Akubona nje kuphela ubuchwepheshe bokuphrinta buya e-Ohio, kodwa nobuciko be-Olmec benza kanjalo.
Lo mbhali uthole ozakwabo besitayela besiqephu esime mpo sesikhungo esihlukile esibonisa Isihlahla Somhlaba endaweni yaseLake Chalco eningizimu yedolobha lamanje laseMexico naseVeracruz ogwini lwaseGulf ocwaningweni olungashicilelwe kuthebhulethi ye-Adena eboniswe ngezansi.
Ukuba khona kwezimpawu ekuqaleni kwesakhiwo sendunduma yempucuko yase-Adena, kanye nobunye ubufakazi obuningi kakhulu obungachazwa kulesi sihloko esincane, kuphakamisa ukuthi iqembu elinamandla laseMesoamerica lafika esifundeni futhi lashintsha isiphetho samasiko abantu bendawo.
Ebuyela eGeorgia. Ngo-1685, uCharles de Rochefort emibhalweni yakhe ephathelene nama-Apalachites ayehlala emazweni aseningizimu-mpumalanga yeMelika ngekhulu le-17, uyabhala, “Ama-Apalachite ama-Apalakhi ayahamba, ukuthi asakaza amaKoloni athile kude kakhulu eMexico: Futhi kuze kube namuhla bahamba ngoMgwaqo omkhulu ezweni, abaqinisekisa ngawo ukuthi Amabutho abo angena ezindaweni… Lapho befika, izakhamuzi zase- izwe labaqamba ngokuthi i-Tlatuici, okusho abaqwali bezintaba noma abantu basezintabeni.”
"Laba bantu [ama-Apalachite] banokuxhumana noLwandle lwaseGreat Gulf of Mexico noma i-New Spain, ngoMfula kusho uRochefort," ...abaseSpain baye babiza lo mfula ngokuthi i-Riu del Spirito Santo” [Umfula iMississippi].
Nakuba okutholwe yi-Rochefort kusukela ngemva kweNkathi Yokunqoba, kugcizelela isici sendawo ngezinye izikhathi esinganakwa noma sibukelwa phansi emlandweni waseNyakatho Melika.
Izimpucuko eziningi ezazihlala endaweni manje ebizwa ngokuthi iGeorgia nezinye izifundazwe ezisemngceleni weGulf of Mexico, kanye neziqhingi zaseCaribbean, iMexico, naseNingizimu Melika, zaziyingxenye yesifunda saseCaribbean lapho wonke umuntu azi omakhelwane bakhe.
Ngenxa yalokho, kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi yingakho izinkundla zebhola namabhola enjoloba kungase kutholakale kokubili ezwekazini lase-Mesoamerica nase-Caribbean Islands.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Olmec neMaya yayinoxhaxha lwezikebhe ezinkulu ezihamba olwandle ezihamba emanzini asogwini lwesifunda saseGulf, kanye nesakhiwo sokuhlinzeka izidingo eziyisisekelo zezikhungo ezinkulu zamadolobha amakhulu anokuminyana kwabantu okuqhathaniswa namadolobha amakhulu anamuhla.
Ngokwesibonelo, usawoti, into eyisisekelo edingekayo ukuze ube khona ezindaweni ezishisayo, wawuthwalwa ngamashumi ezinkulungwane zamathani ngenyanga usuka ezindaweni ezikhiqiza usawoti eYucatan uye emathekwini aziwayo emifuleni kusukela oGwini lwaseHonduran Moskito kuya eTampico, eMexico.
Ngaphandle kokuba manzi kanye nesipiliyoni esiyingozi kumagagasi asindayo asuka oGwini lwaseMoskito ezingenazo izinto zokulondoloza impilo, ngingaqinisekisa ohambweni oluphindaphindiwe ukuthi idizayini yelogi ye-dugout isebenza kahle kakhulu.
Ngaphandle kwama-outboard motors e-Yamaha, le mikhumbi, engakashintshi ekukhiqizeni noma ekuklanyweni kusukela eMaya, iyaqhubeka nokuletha amathani emigqomo enqwabelene engamalitha angu-50 kaphethiloli, ukudla, nabantu phakathi kweHonduran.
Impucuko ebabazekayo yaseTaino, eyasuka eVenezuela cishe ngo-400 BC, kanye namaCaribes ayenekhono elilinganayo lokuzulazula olwandle lwaseGulf of Mexico e-Greater Antilles.
UChristopher Columbus urekhoda okufakiwe okuningi kulogi yakhe yezikebhe ezinkulu zaseTaino ezigcwele izimpahla zohwebo nabagibeli, ezisukela kubude obusuka ku-40 kuye ku-79. Okubaluleke nakakhulu, ukufakwa kwakhe kwelogi kubonisa ukuthi i-Taino yayazi ngeCalusa eFlorida namaMaya eYucatan.
Konke lokhu kusikisela ukuthi amasiko esifunda se-circum-Caribbean, ngisho nasezikhathini zasendulo, ayexhunywe ngamanzi kanye nemizila yomhlaba, okunikeza incazelo engenzeka yokuthi inkemba kanye nezintambo ezimbili zesitayela se-Olmec zafika kanjani eGeorgia.
Ngakho, ingabe amaShayina ayeseGeorgia?
Into ngokwayo iyingxenye yesixazululo. Kufanele uzibuze ukuthi kungani umuntu ephatha inkemba yeVotive, echazwa njengento “ukuveza isifungo, isifiso, noma isifiso esingokwenkolo: esinikelwa noma esenziwe njengendlela yokubonga noma yokuzinikela kuNkulunkulu”, ukube bebengewona amaShayina.
Okwesibili, inkemba akuyona yodwa into yobuciko yaseShayina etholakala lapho. UDkt. Lee, uchwepheshe waseShayina, uthe ezinye izinsalela zamaShayina ezimbili zasendulo zisanda kutholwa phakathi nohambo lwamahora amabili lapho kunenkemba khona. Uhlela ukuhlanganisa lezi zinto encwadini ezayo. Kubuye kube nenani elimangalisayo lezinto zobuciko ezengeziwe zesiShayina, i-rock art calligraphy, nezimpawu ezitholwe eningizimu ye-America.
Ngeshwa, akukaze kubonakale kunamaqiniso anele ukuze kufinyelelwe isiphetho esiqondile nesingenakuphikisana wonke umuntu angavumelana ngaso uma kuziwa ezindabeni zomlando nezemivubukulo. Ngakho, ngalesi sikhathi, umbuzo "Ngabe amaShayina eGeorgia?" ingase iphendulwe kuphela ngoyebo lapho kunobufakazi obanele bokweqa “Umkhawulo Wokukholelwa” womuntu.
Umcabango wokugcina
Cishe iminyaka engu-90 ngaphambi kokuba uColumbus aqale uhambo ngomkhumbi olwandle lweCaribbean, amaShayina akwaMing athumela ama-flotillas ayeholwa u-Admiral Zheng He ohambweni oluthile oluya ezifundeni ezizungeze uLwandlekazi i-Indian ukuze bathole izimpahla namaminerali angavamile.
Uhambo lokuqala lwe-Admiral lwaluhlanganisa imikhumbi ecishe ibe ngu-185:
62 noma 63 baoshan noma “imikhumbi yengcebo” yakhelwe ohambweni lokuqala, 440’-538′ ubude no-210′ ububanzi, amadekhi amane, izinsika eziyisishiyagalolunye, kwasusa amathani alinganiselwa ku-20-30,000, cishe 1/3 kuya ku-1/2 ukususwa kwendawo ethwala indiza enkulu yamanje.
I-Machuan noma “imikhumbi yamahhashi”, 340′ ubude ngo-138′ ububanzi, izinsika eziyi-8, ethwele amahhashi, izingodo zokulungiswa, kanye nempahla yentela.
I-Liangchuan noma "imikhumbi yezinhlamvu". 257′ ubude ne-115′ ububanzi, izinsika eziyi-7, zithwele okusanhlamvu kwezisebenzi namasosha.
I-Zuochuan noma “imikhumbi yamasosha, 220′ ubude ngo-84′ ububanzi, amasti ayisithupha.
Imikhumbi yempi yaseZhanchuan, 165′ ubude, 5 amasti.
27-28,000 amatilosi alinganiselwe, amasosha, abahumushi, namalungu ezisebenzi.
