Idolobha Lasendulo Elingaqondakali Elineminyaka engu-5,000 Litholwe E-Iraq 10 Meter-deep

Endaweni yaseKurdistan enyakatho ye-Iraq, izinsalela zedolobha lasendulo elaziwa ngokuthi "Idu" zitholakele. Kucatshangwa ukuthi leli dolobha, manje eseligqitshwe ngaphansi kwendunduma elingamamitha angu-32 ukuphakama, lake laba isizinda sezinkulungwane zemisebenzi yezakhamuzi phakathi kweminyaka engu-10 3,300 nezi-2,900 XNUMX edlule.

Abavubukuli esifundeni saseKurdistan enyakatho ye-Iraq bathole idolobha lasendulo elalibizwa ngokuthi “Idu.” Lesi siza sasisetshenziswa kusukela kudala ngesikhathi seNeolithic, lapho ukulima kwaqala ukuvela eMpumalanga Ephakathi, futhi idolobha lafinyelela ezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu phakathi kweminyaka eyi-3,300 ne-2,900 edlule. Isakhiwo esiboniswe lapha siyisakhiwo sasekhaya, okungenani esinamakamelo amabili, okungenzeka ukuthi saphuza kakhulu isikhathi sempilo yedolobha, mhlawumbe eminyakeni eyizi-2,000 edlule lapho uMbuso WamaParthian ulawula indawo. © Ikhredithi yesithombe: Ukuhlonipha uCinzia Pappi.

Ngaphambili laligcwele izigodlo zikanokusho, njengoba kufakazelwa imibhalo eqoshwe amakhosi ezindongeni, ezibhebheni, nasezindongeni zamatshe ezitholakala lapho.

Isakhamuzi sasesigodini esiseduze sazithela phezu kwesibhebhe sobumba esinegama "Idu" yaqoshwa cishe eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, okwaholela ekutholweni kwethebhulethi. Kukholakala ukuthi lo mbhalo wenziwa ukuhlonipha ukwakhiwa kwesigodlo samakhosi amakhosi ayebusa endaweni ngaleso sikhathi.

Iminyaka eminingi eyalandela yachithwa abavubukuli baseYunivesithi yaseLeipzig eLeipzig, eJalimane, bemba lendawo. Bakholelwa ukuthi uMbuso Wase-Asiriya wawubusa idolobha lase-Idu ingxenye enkulu yomlando walo, okwenzeka eminyakeni engaba ngu-3,300 XNUMX edlule.

Umsuka wempucuko yase-Asiriya ungowosuku lwenkulungwane yesithathu BC. Lapho i-Asiriya liwumbuso onamandla eMpumalanga Ephakathi ngenkulungwane yokuqala yeminyaka BC, amanye amanxiwa ahlaba umxhwele kakhulu akhiwa.

Isifanekiso sika-Ashurnasirpal II — Isithombe sika-Ashurnasirpal II © Ikhredithi Yesithombe: I-Harvard Semitic Museum, i-Harvard University - Cambridge (CC0 1.0)

Nimrud wakhethwa ukuthi asebenze njengesihlalo sobukhosi senkosi yase-Asiriya u-Ashurnasirpal II (883-859 BC). Ingaphakathi lezigodlo zakhe lalihlotshiswe ngama-gypsum slabs ayenemifanekiso yakhe eqoshiwe.

Ngekhulu lesi-140 nelesikhombisa BC, amakhosi ase-Asiriya andisa indawo yawo ukuze ahlanganise wonke amazwe aphakathi kwePersian Gulf nomngcele waseGibhithe. Nokho, abavubukuli bathola nobufakazi bokuthi leli dolobha lalinomuzwa onamandla wokuzethemba. Abantu bakhona balwela futhi bawina yonke iminyaka engu-XNUMX yenkululeko ngaphambi kokuba abase-Asiriya babuye futhi balawule lesi sifunda.

Lo msebenzi ubonisa i-sphinx enentshebe enekhanda lomuntu wesilisa kanye nomzimba webhubesi elinamaphiko. Itholakala ezingxenyeni ezine futhi yadalelwa iNkosi u-Ba'auri futhi inombhalo ocishe ufane ncamashi nomfanekiso wehhashi. © Ikhredithi yesithombe: Ukuhlonipha uCinzia Pappi.

Ucezu lomdwebo obonisa i-sphinx engenantshebe enekhanda lomuntu kanye nomzimba webhubesi elinamaphiko wawuphakathi kwezinto eziyigugu ezambulwa. Umbhalo olandelayo ungabonakala ulenga ngaphezulu kwayo: "Isigodlo sika-Ba'auri, iNkosi yeZwe lase-Idu, iNdodana ka-Edima, Futhi iNkosi yeZwe lase-Idu."

Ngaphezu kwalokho, bathola isigxivizo se-cylinder sakudala eminyakeni engaba ngu-2,600 XNUMX futhi sasinomfanekiso wendoda eguqe phambi kwe-griffon.

Lolu phawu lwe-cylinder luhlehlela emuva eminyakeni eyizi-2,600, esikhathini lapho abase-Asiriya sebephinde banqoba i-Idu. Uphawu, okungenzeka ukuthi lwaluvela esigodlweni, lwaluzobonisa isigameko sasenganekwaneni uma lwalugoqwa ocezwini lobumba (olwakhiwe kabusha lapha kulesi sithombe). Ubonisa umnsalo ogobile, okungenzeka ungunkulunkulu uNinurta, ebheke i-griffon. Ucezu lwenyanga (olumelela unkulunkulu wenyanga), inkanyezi yokusa enamacici ayisishiyagalombili (emelela unkulunkulukazi u-Ishtar) kanye ne-palmette konke kubonakala kalula. © Ikhredithi yesithombe: Ukuhlonipha uCinzia Pappi

Idolobha lase-Idu lasendulo, elatholwa eSatu Qala, laliyinhloko-dolobha enabantu abaningi ababesebenza njengempambano yezindlela phakathi kwenyakatho neningizimu ye-Iraq kanye naphakathi kwe-Iraq nentshonalanga ye-Iran ngenkulungwane yesibili neyokuqala yeminyaka BC.

Ukutholwa kozalo lwamakhosi endawo, ikakhulukazi, kugcwalisa igebe kulokho osomlando ngaphambili ababekucabanga njengenkathi yobumnyama emlandweni we-Iraq yasendulo. Ngokusho kwabacwaningi, lokhu okutholakele, lapho kuthathwa sekukonke, kube nomthelela ohlelweni lokudweba kabusha imephu yezombangazwe neyomlando yokwandiswa koMbuso Wase-Asiriya - izingxenye zazo ezisagcwele imfihlakalo.

Idolobha beligqitshwe endaweni eyaziwa ngokuthi yi- tell, osekuyidolobha elaziwa ngeSatu Qala. Ngeshwa, kuze kube yilapho kufinyelelwa kusixazululo phakathi kwezakhamuzi kanye nohulumeni wesifunda saseKurdistan, okwamanje akunakwenzeka ukuqhubeka nomsebenzi owengeziwe.

Khonamanjalo, ucwaningo olusha lwempahla yalesi siza, okwamanje egcinwe e-Erbil Museum, lwenziwe ngokubambisana neNyuvesi yasePennsylvania. Imiphumela yocwaningo “Satu Qala : A Preliminary Report of the Seasons 2010-2011” zanyatheliswa kumagazini i-Anatolica.

Ekugcineni, imibuzo emibili ethakazelisayo eseyimpicabadala nanamuhla ithi: Kwenzeka kanjani ukuba leli dolobha eliyinkimbinkimbi lasendulo libe incithakalo kungazelelwe, licindezeleke ngaphansi kwendunduma? Futhi kungani izakhamuzi zaze zawulahla lo muzi?

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