Entshonalanga ye-Al-Nafud Desert, amakhilomitha angama-220 ukusuka edolobheni laseTabuk, yiTaima Oasis yasendulo. Kule ndawo eyihlane, phakathi kwesihlabathi namatshe, imfihlakalo eyodwa iheha ikakhulukazi izivakashi - i-Al Naslaa, ukwakheka okukhulu kwetshe le-sandstone, njengokungathi lisikwe phakathi ngenkemba enkulu. Kunezingxenye ezimbili zaleli tshe elikhulu likamatye ekwisekelweni entekenteke, njengoba abantu bendawo besho, kusukela endulo.
Ugwadule i-Al Nafoud ulwandle olukhulu olunesihlabathi enyakatho yePeninsula yase-Arabia, olungamakhilomitha angama-290 ubude nangu-225 km ububanzi. Kwezinye izindawo, kunezihlahlana nezihlahla ezinenkinga, kepha imvamisa kuba nezindunduma ezinde, ezibomvu ezimnyama ezifana nezindunduma ezimise okweqanda. Lesi sakhiwo singenxa yemimoya enamandla eshaya isihlabathi ohlangothini olulodwa. Le ngenye yezindawo ezome kakhulu - lina lapha kanye noma kabili ngonyaka, kepha izivunguvungu ezinamandla zesihlabathi zivamile.
Emaphethelweni ogwadule
AbaseYurophu bokuqala ukuvakashela i-Al Nafud bashiye incazelo emangazayo yesifunda. “Okuhlaba umxhwele kakhulu ngaleli hlane umbala walo,” wabhala uLady Anne Blunt ngo-1878:
“Awumhlophe njengendunduma yesihlabathi esidlule izolo, futhi awuphuzi njengesihlabathi kwezinye izingxenye zogwadule lwaseGibhithe. kodwa ubomvu ngokugqamile, cishe obomvu klebhu ekuseni, lapho amazolo engakomi. Futhi kungaba iphutha elikhulu ukucabanga ukuthi kuyinyumba. Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-Al-Nafud icebile emahlathini nasemadlelweni kunazo zonke izihlabathi esawela lapho sisuka eDamaseku. Yonke indawo sasihlangana nezihlahlana zikaGhada nezihlahla zohlobo oluthile, ezibizwa ngokuthi yerta lapha. ”
Zonke izingwadule zase-Arabia zimbozwe ngamapheshana amakhulu ezinkambu zodaka ezakhiwe ngesikhathi kuqhuma izintaba-mlilo zasendulo. Lapha kuthiwa ama-harrats. Abakhulu babo ngu-Esh-Shama, Uvayrid, Ifnayn, Khaybar noKura, uRakhat, Kishb, Hadan, Navasif, Bukum no-Al-Birk. UHarrat al-Uvayrid ujoyina iTaima. Ichazwe okokuqala nguCharles Montague Doughty, umhloli wamazwe wekhulu le-19 nombhali weTrains in the Arabian Desert. Amatshe akulesi sifunda agcwele ama-petroglyphs amaningi abonisa abantu nezilwane, ezinye zezithombe zivela esikhathini se-Neolithic, ezinye - isikhathi esedlule.
Izithombe ezindala zibonakala zimnyama futhi zine-patinated, kuyilapho izithombe ezincane zilula futhi zihlukile. Abaculi basendulo babethanda ukuveza abelusi benemihlambi yezimvu nezimbuzi, abazingeli ngeminsalo bezungezwe yizinja, izilwane ezinjenge-ibex, inyathi, i-onager, i-gazelle. Badwebe abantu ngaphandle kobuso, kepha bafake okwekhanda nezingubo ezinemininingwane. Emidwebweni endala kunazo zonke, awekho amahhashi noma amakamela, futhi-ke, akukho mibhalo eqoshiwe.
Kepha kusukela enkulungwaneni yesithathu yeminyaka BC, kuvela amahhashi namakamela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinqola zempi zigijimela emadwaleni, izinqola ziyahamba futhi amahhashi ahlukaniswa ngumthethosisekelo wawo omuhle futhi abukeka njengohlobo oludumile lwama-Arabia. Amakamela edrayimari alandela amahhashi. Futhi kusukela cishe ngekhulu lesi-3 BC, izithombe zinikezwa ngezinhlamvu zasendulo zesi-Arabhu. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zama-petroglyphs azungeze i-oima oasis nase-oasis uqobo, lapho kwakukhona khona idolobha lasendulo.
U-Taima ocebile
Izithombe zokuqala zamahhashi ase-Arabia zitholakale lapha. Ngokusobala, lapha amahhashi ase-Arabhu eza eGibhithe, futhi vele ngekhulu le-15 BC, amahhashi kafaro akhiwa kuwo. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, izigcawu zamadwala zigcwele izithombe zezimpi ngokuhlanganyela kwabagibeli bamahhashi. Abagibeli bafakwe izinkemba eziqondile ezinonogada obonakala kahle.
Ezikhathini zasendulo, imizila yamakharaveni yayidlula Tayma i-oasis. Kwakuyisiphambano - ngakwesokunene kwakuyiMesopotamiya noLwandle Olubomvu, ngakwesobunxele - iGibhithe, eningizimu kwakuyisifundazwe sama-Israyeli, enyakatho kwakukhona ugu lapho okwakuyimfihlakalo khona “abantu basolwandle”Kwathiwa ziyaphila. Akumangalisi ukuthi i-oasis ibihlala abantu kusukela endulo. Ubufakazi obuningi bemivubukulo buhlala kusukela kulesi sikhathi. Ngo-2010, ngokwesibonelo, kwatholakala idwala elinombhalo osukela esikhathini sikaFaro Ramses III (1186-1155 BC). Kokubili iBhayibheli nemibhalo yase-Asiriya kusitshela ngoTayma. Abase-Asiriya babiza uTaimu Tiamat, ama-Israyeli abiza uTima.
Ngekhulu lesi-8 BC, umbusi wase-Asiriya, uTiglathpalasar III, wafaka intela kuTayma, futhi inzalo yakhe uSinacherib wayala ukuthi alethe izipho ezivela kubahlali baseTayma ziye enhlokodolobha yayo iNineve ngeSango Logwadule. Mhlawumbe, izakhamuzi ze-oasis, ezingakwazanga ukumelana namazwe amakhulu, zikhetha ukuthenga izitha zazo.
Ngenhlanhla, idolobha lalicebile, lalizungezwe izindonga, izinsalela ezitholwe abavubukuli. UTaimu waphinda wanqotshwa umbusi waseBabiloni uNabonidus, owaziwa ngokwenza unkulunkulu omkhulu wezwe hhayi uMarduk, kepha uSina, waqala ukwakha amathempeli kunkulunkulu wenyanga ezweni lonke alilawulayo. Ngaleso sikhathi, wahlala iminyaka eyishumi yonke, eshiya isihlalo sobukhosi saseBabiloni endodaneni kaBelishasari. Futhi ukwakhiwa kwethempeli laseSina eTayma, mhlawumbe, akuzange kwenziwe ngaphandle.
Akumangalisi ukuthi ama-Israyeli abheka izakhamizi zaseTayma njengabahedeni, nomprofethi uJeremiya akazange akhohlwe ukucwilisa ubukhazikhazi balaba bantu ababi. Ama-petroglyphs edwaleni le-Al-Naslaa mhlawumbe angalesi sikhathi. Eweni kuvezwa ihhashi lobuhle obumangalisayo, okuthi ngasizathu simbe izivakashi zithathele indlulamithi nendoda emi eceleni kwalo. Futhi ngenhla kunombhalo wasendulo wase-Arabhu, ongakacaciswa.
Idwala lisikwe kabili
Izivakashi zithanda ukuthwetshulwa eweni i-Al-Naslaa. Ihhashi, indoda, nombhalo ongenakuchazeka akubathandi nakancane. Cishe akekho obheka i-petroglyph.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, wonke amehlo agxile kusikwe esiyisicaba nesincanyana ngokuphelele esihlukanisa uhlangothi lwetshe lwesokudla nesobunxele. Wonke umuntu ukhathazekile ngemibuzo embalwa kuphela eqondisiwe: Ubani owakwazi ukusika leli tshe ngobuhlakani obungaka phakathi nendawo? Bawusika kanjani? Futhi ngani? Futhi kungani amatshe amatshe asendulo emi ezisekelweni ezifana nengilazi futhi angawi? Ubani owayengabeka amatshe ngendlela ekahle ngale ndlela yokuthi sonke isakhiwo sasingeke sihlakazeke phakathi nenkulungwane yeminyaka, kodwa sasiyokuma singanyakaziswa?
Khona-ke, kuningi okucatshangwayo kohlobo olungakholeki kakhulu kubekwa phambili. Abangenangqondo kakhulu bakholelwa ukuthi lokhu ukudalwa kwe onkulunkulu basendulo noma abafokazi.
Kuliqiniso, abakwazi ukuchaza ukuthi kungani omunye noma omunye kwakudingeka afake itshe elisikiwe ohlangothini. Abanye bakhuluma ngokukhalipha ngobuchwepheshe obukhohliwe babantu basendulo futhi babheka idwala njengendawo yokusebenza yolunye uhlobo lwesakhiwo, okwathi ngasizathu simbe sasingathathwa ngabasiki bamatshe. Futhi, abanye abavumelana nabokugcina, bacabanga ukuthi lesi yisikhumbuzo sasendulo esakhiwe ukukhumbula umcimbi othile.
Ngokusobala, leli dwala laliseha ngamathuluzi ethusi, lase lihlanzwa ngaphakathi ngetshe le-pumice. Kuliqiniso, ukuthi kwenzeka kanjani ukuthi umuntu asule okungajwayelekile kokusikwa ngesaha yethusi esikhaleni esincane kakhulu ngetshe le-pumice ngaphandle kokuxebuka ezandleni zakhe akuqondakali ngokuphelele. I-sandstone nezinto ezithambile, kepha ukusebenza kanzima, futhi kuyafana - ngeke kusebenze kahle. Yilapho ubuchwepheshe obukhohliwe babantu basendulo busiza khona, yingakho bakhohliwe.
Izazi zokwakheka komhlaba, noma kunjalo, zibheka lezi zingxabano ngokumamatheka. Ngokusho kwabo, abantu abazibekanga izandla edwaleni i-Al-Naslaa. Eqinisweni, ukusika okungavamile kwavela ngezizathu zemvelo. Phela kunedwala endaweni ethile, lapho usuku lushisa ngendlela engabekezeleleki kanti nobusuku bubanda ngendlela engabekezeleleki. Amatshe, uma enokukhubazeka kwangaphakathi, njengoba wonke unjiniyela nomakhi ofunde ngamandla wezinto zokwakha azi, anweba ekushiseni anciphe emakhazeni. Ekugcineni, isakhiwo esonakele siyonakala futhi itshe liqhume. Njengomthetho, ukuqhekeka kubukeka kuyisicaba ngokuphelele.
Mhlawumbe, idwala i-Al-Naslaa lawela ezingxenyeni ezimbili ngisho nasendulo kakhulu. Ngemuva kwalokho imimoya namanzi bayigaya - eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane edlule, lapho isimo sezulu e-Arabia sasinemvula enkulu. Umoya, osindiswa yisihlabathi esimisiwe emoyeni, yizinto ezihaqayo ezihamba phambili ekusebenzeni kwemifantu emincane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umoya, uqhamuka esikhaleni esincanyana, uyashesha, futhi isihlabathi sikhukhula ingaphezulu kakhulu kune-emery. Uma umoya futhi ugcwele umswakama, wena uqobo uyaqonda ukuthi liyithuluzi elikhulu lokugaya kanjani!
Ngakho-ke kukhona okungenani incazelo eyodwa yesayensi yokuba khona kwedwala “elisikiwe”. Kodwa imfihlo yangempela lapha ihluke ngokuphelele emfanekisweni; futhi, kunjalo, embhalweni. Ubani oyishiyile? Yayixhumene nasiphi isenzakalo? Kuze kube yilapho umbhalo ufundwa, kunzima ukuqagela.
Abanye abavubukuli, ukusho ukuthi, bakholelwa ukuthi idwala lalikhonzwa ngoba e-Arabia, ukukhonzwa kwamatshe kwakulandelana ngendlela. Kepha akunakwenzeka ukuthi i-petroglyph enomuntu nehhashi ivele etsheni elingcwele. Futhi kuhambisana kakhulu nombhalo. Kepha-ke kuyini? Kuze kube manje, kunempendulo eyodwa kuphela: asazi.
