Ama-encyclopedia anezihloko ezithokozisayo “Izimfihlo Zempucuko Yasendulo”, “Izimfumbe zezindaba”, izinhlelo eziningi zethelevishini ezikhuluma ngokutholwa okuyingqayizivele kwabavubukuli - yile ndlela umuntu wesimanjemanje azi ngayo izimfihlo zabantu ababephila eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eyedlule.
Kodwa-ke, izimfihlo eziningi zamasiko ahlukile zingase zishabalala, ngoba cishe akukho lutho olusele ezindaweni zasendulo. Abacwaningi abami kancane kancane ukuqoqa i-mosaic yempilo yempucuko enyamalele, kodwa isikhathi asinasihe, futhi kuba nzima nakakhulu ukucinga izimpendulo zemibuzo ethakazelisayo.
IMaya (2000 BC - 900 AD)
Abantu abake baba namandla abakha amadolobha amakhulu bafihla iningi lezimfihlo zabo ngemuva kwesihenqo sesikhathi. AmaMaya aziwa ukuthi asungule uhlelo lwawo lokubhala, enza ikhalenda eliyinkimbinkimbi, futhi anezindlela zawo zokubala izibalo. Futhi babenamathuluzi abo wobunjiniyela, abakha ngawo amathempeli amakhulu e-pyramidal futhi benza nezinhlelo zokunisela ezindaweni zabo zezolimo.
Kuze kube manje, ososayensi bahlikihla ubuchopho babo ngalokho okungabangela ukuphela kwale mpucuko. Ngemuva kwakho konke, amaMaya aqala ukuphelelwa ngamandla kudala ngaphambi kokuba izwe laseYurophu liqale ukuhambela amazwe aseCentral America yanamuhla. Ngokusho kokucabanga kwabaphenyi, lokhu kuguquka kwezigameko kubangelwe yizimpi zangaphakathi, ngenxa yalokho amadolobha asendulo ayengasenamuntu.
Impucuko yaseNdiya (Harrap) (3300 BC - cishe 1300 BC)
Ngesikhathi kukhona le mpucuko, cishe i-10% yabantu bonke beplanethi babehlala e-Indus Valley ngaleso sikhathi - abantu abayizigidi ezi-5. Impucuko yaseNdiya ibizwa nangokuthi impucuko yaseHarappan (ngemuva kwegama lesikhungo sayo - idolobha laseHarappa). Laba bantu abanamandla babenemboni ye-metallurgical ethuthukile. Babephethe incwadi yabo, okuthi ngeshwa ihlale ingenye yezimfihlo zale mpucuko.
Kepha cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezintathu nohhafu edlule, iningi labaHarappans lathatha isinqumo sokuthuthela eningizimu-mpumalanga, beshiya amadolobha abo. Ngokusho kososayensi, isizathu esingahle senziwe ngalesi sinqumo ukuwohloka kwezimo zezulu. Emakhulwini ambalwa nje eminyaka, abafuduki bakhohlwa ngempumelelo yokhokho babo abakhulu. Ukushaywa kokugcina okuyisinqumo empucukweni yaseHarappan kwenziwa ama-Aryan, abhubhisa abameleli bokugcina balaba bantu abake baba namandla.
Impucuko yaseRapanui e-Easter Island (cishe ngo-1200 AD - ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17)
Lesi siqephu somhlaba esilahlekile olwandle sizungeze ngenani elikhulu lezimfihlo nezinganekwane. Kuze kube manje, emibuthanweni yezifundiswa, izimpikiswano ziyaqhubeka ngokuthi ngubani owaba ngowokuqala ukugcwala kulesi siqhingi. Ngokwenye yezinguqulo, izakhamizi zokuqala zaseRapa Nui (njengoba izakhamuzi zakhona zibiza i-Easter Island) kwakungabokufika abavela e-Eastern Polynesia, abahamba ngomkhumbi lapha cishe ngonyaka ka-300 AD. ezikebheni ezinkulu futhi eziqinile.
Cishe akukho okwaziwayo ngokuphila kwempucuko yasendulo yaseRapanui. Okuwukuphela kwesikhumbuzo samandla adlule alaba bantu yizithombe ezinkulu zamatshe ze-moai, ebeziqaphele buthule lesi siqhingi amakhulu eminyaka.
I-Çatalhöyük (7100 BC - 5700 BC)
Idolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Kuzwakala kuhlaba umxhwele, akunjalo? I-Çatalhöyük yakhiwa ngesikhathi sempucuko ye-Neolithic ethuthukisiwe (eminyakeni engaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyisishiyagalolunye nengxenye edlule) endaweni lapho iTurkey yesimanje manje ikhona.
Lo muzi wawunezakhiwo eziyingqayizivele ngalezo zikhathi: kwakungekho imigwaqo, zonke izindlu zaziseduze komunye nomunye, futhi kwakudingeka uzifake ngophahla. Ososayensi babiza i-metropolis yasendulo ngokuthi i-Çatalhöyük ngesizathu - cishe abantu abayizinkulungwane eziyishumi babehlala kuyo. Yini eyabenza bashiya idolobha labo elihle eminyakeni engaba yizinkulungwane eziyisikhombisa edlule akwaziwa.
UCahokia (300 BC - 14th century AD)
Okuwukuphela kwezikhumbuzo zale mpucuko yasendulo yamaNdiya yizindunduma zemikhosi, ezisendaweni yase-Illinois (e-USA). Kwaphela isikhathi eside, uCokia wagcina isikhundla sedolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke eNyakatho Melika: indawo yalesi sakhiwo yayingamakhilomitha-skwele ayi-15, futhi lapha kuhlala abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-40. Ngokusho kososayensi, abantu banqume ukulishiya leli dolobha elihle ngenxa yokuthi kube nezinkinga ezinkulu ngenhlanzeko, ngenxa yalokho kwaqubuka indlala nezifo eziwumqedazwe.
UGöbekli Tepe (oneminyaka engaba ngu-12,000 XNUMX ubudala)
Leli thempeli lisesakhiwo esingaqondakali. Ukuphela kwento esiyaziyo ngayo ukuthi yakhiwa cishe ngo-10,000 XNUMX BC. Igama elingajwayelekile lalesi sakhiwo, esisendaweni yaseTurkey, lihumusha njenge “Igquma elibhodwe ngembiza”. Kuze kube manje, amaphesenti ama-5 kuphela alesi sakhiwo asecutshunguliwe, ngakho-ke abavubukuli abasazitholi izimpendulo zemibuzo eminingi.
UMbuso waseKhmer (cishe ngo-802-1431 AD)
I-Angkor Wat iyona ekhanga kakhulu eCambodia. Futhi kanye, ngo-1000-1200 AD, idolobha lase-Angkor laliyinhloko-dolobha yombuso omkhulu waseKhmer. Ngokusho kwabacwaningi, le ndawo yokuhlala yayingaba enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni ngesikhathi esisodwa - abantu bayo babelingana nabantu abayisigidi esisodwa.
Ososayensi bacubungula izinhlobo eziningana zezizathu zokwehla kobukhosi obukhulu beKhmer - kusuka empini kuya enhlekeleleni yemvelo. Kunzima impela ukutadisha amanxiwa ase-Angkor namuhla ngoba iningi lawo ligcwele ihlathi elingaweleki.
Ubukhosi bukaGurid (879 - 1215 AD)
Namuhla kuphela i-Jam minaret ekhumbuza idolobha laseFiruzkuh, elaliyinhloko-dolobha yombuso wasendulo wamaGurids. Impucuko eyanyamalala yayihlala ezweni elikhulu ngaleso sikhathi (insimu ye-Afghanistan yanamuhla, i-Iran nePakistan).
Ukusuka ebusweni bomhlaba, inhlokodolobha yamaGurids yathathwa yibutho likaGenghis Khan. Ngenxa yokuthi i-minaret isendaweni yase-Afghanistan, ukutadisha kwayo kuba nzima kakhulu, futhi umsebenzi wokumba kule ndawo awukaqali.
Idolobha lasendulo laseNiya (ngenkathi kukhona iGreat Silk Road, cishe ngekhulu le-15 AD)
Manje kunogwadule endaweni kaNiya, futhi phambilini bekuyindawo oasis yangempela lapho izindwendwe ezithwele imithwalo ngomgwaqo omkhulu iGreat Silk zithanda ukuphumula. Izinsalela zomuzi wasendulo ezazifihlwe ngaphansi kwesihlabathi zatholwa ngabavubukuli muva nje.
Ngemuva kokumba iNia yasendulo, abavubukuli bajabula, ngoba kule ndawo bakwazile ukuthola imikhondo yabantu abaningi abathengisa kuSilk Road. Namuhla, ososayensi bayaqhubeka nokutadisha ngenkuthalo iNiyu, ukwehla kwayo kuhambisane nokulahlekelwa yintshisekelo emgwaqweni omkhulu wezohwebo.
Idolobha eliseNabta Playa (cishe ngo-4000 BC)
Impucuko eyathuthuka kakhulu yake yahlala oGwadule iSahara, okwakwazi ukwakha uhlobo lwayo lwekhalenda lezinkanyezi, elidala ngeminyaka eyinkulungwane kune-Stonehenge edume umhlaba wonke. Izakhamizi zesigodi sesiziba sasendulo iNabta Playa kwakudingeka zishiye isigodi ngenxa yokushintsha okukhulu kwesimo sezulu, okwase kuba ukoma kakhulu.
