Inkolo namasiko kwakubaluleke kakhulu empilweni yabantu baseMexico, futhi phakathi kwalokhu, umhlatshelo wabantu ugqamile, umnikelo ophakeme kakhulu ongenziwa konkulunkulu.
Yize ukunikela ngomuntu kwakungewona umkhuba okhethekile weMexico kodwa kuyo yonke indawo yaseMesoamerican, kuvela kubo ukuthi sinemininingwane eminingi, kokubili kusuka kubalobi bomdabu nabaseSpain. Lo mkhuba, ngaphezu kwalokho ngokungangabazeki owawudonsa ukunaka kwabo, wasetshenziswa ngabokugcina njengenye yezizathu eziyinhloko zokunqoba.
Yomibili le mibhalo yabhalwa ngesiNahuatl nangeSpanishi, kanye nesithombe sokuthwebula esitholakala emibhalweni yesandla yezithombe, zichaza ngokuningiliziwe izinhlobo ezahlukene zemihlatshelo yabantu ezazenziwa eMexico-Tenochtitlan, inhloko-dolobha yaseMexico.
Umhlatshelo womuntu waseMexico
Esinye sezikhumbuzo ezijwayele ukwenzeka esikweni lama-Aztec ukukhishwa kwenhliziyo yesisulu. Lapho umnqobi waseSpain uHernán Cortés namadoda akhe befika enhlokodolobha yama-Aztec iTenochtitlán ngo-1521, bachaza ukufakaza ngomkhosi omkhulu. Abapristi bama-Aztec, besebenzisa izindwani ezibukhali ezifana nezinsingo, babesika izifuba zezisulu zomhlatshelo bese benikela ngezinhliziyo zabo ezazisashaya konkulunkulu. Bese baphonsa izidumbu zabangasekho ezansi ezitebhisini zeMeya yaseTemplo.
Ngo-2011, isazi-mlando uTim Stanley wabhala:
Leyo nombolo iyaphikiswa, noma kunjalo. Abanye bathi bambalwa njengama-4,000 abahlatshelwa ngesikhathi empeleni bekungukugcotshwa kabusha kweMeya yaseTemplo ngo-1487.
Izinhlobo ezintathu 'zemikhuba enegazi'
EMexico yangaphambi kweSpanishi, futhi ikakhulukazi kuma-Aztec, kwakwenziwa izinhlobo ezi-3 zemikhuba yegazi ehlobene nalo muntu: ukuzidela noma amasiko okuphuma kwegazi, amasiko ahlobene nezimpi nemihlatshelo yezolimo. Abazange babheke ukunikela ngomuntu njengesigaba esithile, kepha bakha ingxenye ebalulekile yesiko njengenqunyiwe.
Imihlatshelo yabantu yayenziwa ikakhulukazi phakathi nemikhosi ekhalendeni lezinyanga eziyi-18, inyanga ngayinye enezinsuku ezingama-20, futhi yayihambisana nonkulunkulu othile. Isiko lalinomsebenzi walo ukufakwa komuntu kokungcwele futhi lasebenza ekwaziseni ukwethulwa kwakhe emhlabeni ohlukile njengalowo ohambelana nezulu noma umhlaba ongaphansi, futhi ngenxa yalokhu, kwakudingeka ukuba kube nendawo ebiyelwe futhi ube nesiko .
Ukuvaleka okusetshenzisiwe kuveze izici ezahlukahlukene, kusuka endaweni yemvelo entabeni noma egqumeni, ehlathini, emfuleni, echibini noma e-cenote (esimweni samaMayan), noma bekuyizibiyelo ezenzelwe le njongo njengamathempeli namaphiramidi. Endabeni yama-Mexica noma ama-Aztec asevele ekhona edolobheni laseTenochtitlan, babeneGreater Temple, iMacuilcall I noma iMachuilquiahuitl lapho izinhloli zamadolobha ayizitha zazihlatshelwa khona, futhi amakhanda abo ayephenywa esigxotsheni sokhuni.
Umbhoshongo wezingebhezi: Okutholakele okusha
Ngasekupheleni kuka-2020, abavubukuli abavela eMexico National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) babesenhliziyweni yeMexico City i-façade yangaphandle kanye nohlangothi olusempumalanga yombhoshongo wezingulube, iHuey Tzompantli de Tenochtitlan. Kule ngxenye yesikhumbuzo, i-altare lapho amakhanda asethunjiwe egazi abathunjwa abenziwe imihlatshelo abethelwa khona emphakathini ukuze kuhlonishwe onkulunkulu, kuvele izingebhezi zabantu abangu-119, okwengeza kuma-484 abekhonjwe phambilini.
Phakathi kwezinsalela ezitholwe kusukela ngesikhathi soMbuso wama-Aztec, ubufakazi bokuzinikela kwabesifazane nezingane ezintathu (ezincane futhi ezinamazinyo asathuthuka) buvele, ngoba amathambo abo afakwe esakhiweni. Lezi zingulube zazimbozwa ngomcako, okwakha ingxenye yesakhiwo esiseduze neMeya yaseTemplo, enye yezindawo eziyinhloko zokukhulekela eTenochtitlán, inhlokodolobha yama-Aztec.
Huei Tzompantli
Isakhiwo, esibizwa ngeHuei Tzompantli, satholwa okokuqala ngonyaka ka-2015 kodwa siyaqhubeka nokuhlolisiswa futhi sifundwe. Phambilini, bekutholwe izingebhezi ezingama-484 kule ndawo imvelaphi yayo isukela okungenani esikhathini esiphakathi kuka-1486 no-1502.
Abavubukuli bakholelwa ukuthi leli sayithi laliyingxenye yethempeli elalinikezelwe kunkulunkulu welanga wama-Aztec, impi, kanye nemihlatshelo yabantu. Baphinde bachaza nokuthi izinsalela kungenzeka ukuthi bezingezabantwana, abesilisa nabesifazane ababulawa ngale mikhuba yokunikela.
UHuey Tzompantli wafaka ukwesaba kubanqobi baseSpain
Ukucabanga ngoHuey Tzompantli kwafaka ukwesaba kubanqobi baseSpain lapho, ngaphansi komyalo kaHernán Cortés, bathumba lo muzi ngo-1521 futhi baqeda umbuso onamandla onke wama-Aztec. Ukumangala kwakhe kwakubonakala emibhalweni yangaleso sikhathi (njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili). Ababhali balandisa ukuthi amakhanda anqunyiwe amaqhawe athunjiwe ayihlobisa kanjani i-tzompantli (“tzontli” isho 'ikhanda' noma 'ukhakhayi' futhi “pantli” kusho 'irowu').
Lesi sici sivamile emasikweni amaningi aseMesoamerican ngaphambi kokunqotshwa kweSpain. Abavubukuli bathole izigaba ezintathu zokwakhiwa kwalo mbhoshongo, ezisukela phakathi kuka-1486 no-1502. Kepha lokhu kumbiwa emathunjini aseMexico City lasendulo, okwaqala ngonyaka ka-2015, kusikisela ukuthi isithombe esasibanjwe kuze kube manje sasingekona konke okuphelele.
Izingebhezi zazizobekwa embhoshongweni ngemuva kokukhonjiswa esidlangalaleni kutzompantli. Ukulinganisa cishe amamitha amahlanu ububanzi, umbhoshongo wawumi ekhoneni lesonto likaHuitzilopochtli, unkulunkulu welanga, impi, kanye nomhlatshelo wabantu owayengumphathi wenhloko-dolobha yase-Aztec.
Akungabazeki ukuthi lesi sakhiwo sasiyingxenye yesakhiwo sogebhezi esishiwo u-Andrés de Tapia, isosha laseSpain elalihamba noCortés. UTapia uchaze kabanzi ukuthi kwakukhona amashumi ezinkulungwane zamakhakhayi kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi yiHuey Tzompantli. Ochwepheshe sebevele bathole ingqikithi yama-676 futhi kuyacaca ukuthi leli nani lizonyuka njengoba ukumba kuqhubeka.
Amazwi wokugcina
Ama-Aztec ayephethe maphakathi nendawo manje eyiMexico phakathi kwekhulu le-14 nele-16. Kepha ngokuwa kweTenochtitlan ezandleni zamasosha aseSpain nabalingani bawo bomdabu, ingxenye enkulu yokugcina yokwakhiwa kwetshe lesikhumbuzo yacekelwa phansi. Okuqoqwa abavubukuli namuhla yizingxenye eziphukile nezifihlekile ezivela emfucumfucwini yomlando wama-Aztec.
