Umcwaningi uJared Diamond encwadini yakhe Ukuwa (2005), kucatshangwa ukuthi ukususwa kotshani kanye nokugcwala kwamagundane kuholele ekugugulekeni okukhulu, ukusweleka okukhulu kwezinsizakusebenza kanye nokudla, futhi, ekugcineni, ukuwa kweRapanui Society yase-Easter Island - inkolelo yokuthi iningi labaphenyi abajwayelekile bakholelwa.
Kepha ucwaningo olusha nge-Prehistory ye-Easter Island (iRapa Nui) olwenziwe ithimba lomhlaba jikelele lososayensi nabavubukuli abavela eMosesgaard Museum e-Aarhus, eDenmark; i-University of Kiel, eJalimane, kanye nePompeu Fabra University of Barcelona, eSpain, bathole okuthize okungekho kuthrekhi. Ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zesiqhingi, bathole uchungechunge lwamathuna asendulo agcina iminonjana yombala obomvu ngaphakathi.
Imininingwane emisha eyethulwe yilolu cwaningo, eshicilelwe kumagazini IHolocene, iphakamisa ukuthi indaba yokuwa kweRapanui kungenzeka ukuthi yenzeke ngenye indlela. Abaphenyi bathi ukukhiqizwa kombala obomvu kwaqhubeka nokuba yinto ebalulekile empilweni yamasiko yabantu basePascua yize kube nezinguquko ezinqala ku-ecosystem nakwezemvelo.
Ukukhiqizwa okumangalisayo kwe-pigment
I-Easter Island idume emhlabeni wonke ikakhulukazi ngezithombe zayo ezinkulu ezifana nezabantu, i-moai, ukumelwa kokhokho babantu baseRapanui. Kepha ngaphezu kwezithombe, izakhamizi zase-Easter Island zibuye zakhiqiza nombala obomvu ngokubomvu, osuselwa ku-ocher obomvu, abawufaka emidwebweni yemidwebo, ama-petroglyphs, ama-moai… kanye nasezimeni zomngcwabo.
Ngenkathi ukutholakala kwale pigment kwakusivele kwaziwa kahle ngabaphenyi, umthombo wayo kanye nenqubo yokukhiqiza kungenzeka kwakungacaci. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, abavubukuli bavubukule futhi benza izifundo zesayensi ezindaweni ezine zemigodi, basikisela ukuthi kwakukhiqizwa imibala emikhulu esiqhingini.
Imigodi etholakala ngePhasika icebile ngezinhlayiya ezinhle kakhulu zama-oxide e-iron, i-hematite ne-maghemite, amaminerali anombala obomvu ngokugqamile. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Geochemical okwenziwe kuma-microcarbon kanye nama-phytoliths (izinsalela zesisindo sezitshalo) kukhombisa ukuthi amaminerali ayashiswa, mhlawumbe ukuthola umbala ogqame nakakhulu. Eminye imigodi yayixhunyiwe, okukhombisa ukuthi yayisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza nokugcina lezi zingulube.
Ama-phytoliths atholakala emigodini ye-Easter Island avela ikakhulukazi ePanicoideae, izitshalo zomndeni omncane wotshani. Abaphenyi bakholelwa ukuthi la ma-phytoliths ayesetshenziswa njengengxenye kaphethiloli osetshenziselwa ukushisa izingulube.
Amathuna aphenywa kulesi siqhingi avela phakathi kuka-1200 no-1650. EVaipú Este, okuyisizinda lapho amathuna amaningi atholakala khona, abacwaningi bathola ukuthi amaningi awo atholakala lapho kwakukhona khona izimpande zesundu, kanye nasePoike, lapho elinye khona ithuna latholakala. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwe-pigment kwenzeka ngemuva kokuhlanzwa nokushiswa kwezimila ezindala zesundu.
Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi yize uhlaza lwesundu lwanyamalala, abantu bangaphambi komlando e-Easter Island baqhubeka nokukhiqizwa kwezingulube, futhi ngezinga elikhulu. Leli qiniso liphikisana nomcabango owedlule wokuthi ukususwa kohlaza kuholele ekuweni komphakathi. Ukutholwa kusinikeza imininingwane emisha ekuguquguqukeni kwabantu ukubhekana nezimo zemvelo ezishintshayo.
Isiphetho
Ekugcineni, kusasele imibuzo, abantu baseRapanui baqothuka kanjani kuleso siqhingi? Kungani banyamalala kungazelelwe? Futhi, kunemibuzo eminingi ngemvelaphi yayo yangempela, namanje akwaziwa esiqhingini lapho bevela khona. Ngokwenhlalo nangokwesiko kuzo zonke izici, bakhombisile ubuhlakani nokuphakama emlandweni, kepha ukuqothulwa kwabo okungazelelwe ngaphandle komkhondo kusala kuyimfihlakalo enkulu kuze kube namuhla. Manje, amehlo ethu angabona kuphela eminye yemifanekiso eqoshiwe ephambili nemisebenzi yezandla eshiywe yilo mphakathi omkhulu osihlaba umxhwele futhi osimangazayo ngisho nanamuhla.
