Indoda eyimfihlakalo yalengiswa ngentambo yabe isinqunywa ikhanda ngomkhosi esikhathini esithile phakathi kuka-673 BC kanye no-482 BC endaweni eyayizokwaziwa ngelinye ilanga njenge-East Heslington York. Ikhanda lakhe elanqunywa ikhanda langcwatshwa ngokushesha ngemuva kokufakwa ubuso phansi emgodini. Ngabe le ndoda yayiyisigebengu esasigwetshwe intambo ngubulungiswa besizwe, noma ngabe sasingu-a umhlatshelo wokwanelisa onkulunkulu babo?
Izenzo zomkhosi ezinjengalezi zazivame kakhulu eBronze Age nasekuqaleni kwe-Iron Age eYurophu. Kokubili ukunikela nokunqunywa ikhanda kwakwenzelwa ukujabulisa onkulunkulu babo nokufaka ukwesaba ezitheni zabo.
Amakhanda anqunyiwe nezidumbu nazo zazisetshenziswa njengezimpawu zezindawo ezingcwele zamanzi ngabaseBrithani basendulo namaCelt. Kamuva, kwasetshenziswa amakhanda anqunyiwe njengeziboniso zendebe zamadoda nabaholi ngokufanayo ukubalisa izindaba zabo zokulwa nokutholwa kabuhlungu kwe umhlatshelo womuntu ubabheke ngamehlo abo angenamathambo.
Ugebhezi lomuntu omnyama we-Iron Age lwatholakala emseleni owawugcwele amanzi esizeni i-A1, eHeslington, eNorth Yorkshire, e-UK, ngo-2008. Ugebhezi nomhlathi kwakushubile ngombala futhi kwakulele phansi ngobuso. Abavubukuli babecabanga ukuthi lo muntu uyisisulu sokubulawa okungokwesiko.
Yize ubunikazi bakhe babulahlekile, izinsalela zakhe zazizomangaza umhlaba wezinto zakudala ngokubonisa ugebhezi, intamo, kanye igcinwe kahle ubuchopho. Ingabe ikusasa lalo mfana, owayebheke phansi emgodini omanzi, kwakungumkhosi? Kungani lo muntu anqunywa ikhanda? Futhi yini eyenza ubuchopho bakhe bube kulondoloziwe?
Umlando omfushane wamasiko wesikhathi sikaHeslington Man
Labo ababekhethelwe imihlatshelo e-Iron Age Britain (800 BC - 100 AD) babenjalo izigebengu noma abathunjwa bempi. Abantu ababengezona iziboshwa zohlobo oluthile babenikelwa ngokungavamile. NjengaseLindow esenyakatho izidumbu ze-bog, lapho laba bantu behlatshiwe, iningi lamathambo abo lacwiliswa ebusweni phansi emanzini.
Kwezinye izimo, njengogebhezi lwentokazi ye-Iron Age etholwe osebeni loMfula iSowy eSomerset, isazi semivubukulo uRichard Bunning ukholelwa ukuthi ukufa kwakhe bekuyingxenye yomcimbi, ugebhezi lwakhe lubekwe endaweni enamanzi ngenhloso. AbaseBrithani basendulo babekholelwa ukuthi iningi lamanzi laliyiyo izingosi ungene kwezinye izindawo, mhlawumbe lapho kuhlala khona onkulunkulu.
Kodwa-ke, yikhanda kuphela lendoda yaseHeslington, eyalengiswa kwathi kamuva yanqunywa ikhanda, yangcwatshwa. Ingabe icala lakhe lalihlelekile njengamanye?
Ngokusho kwesazi seYunivesithi yaseLeicester u-Ian Armit, ikhanda lomuntu lalinokuxhumana okukhulu nokuzala, amandla, ubulili, nodumo kuyo yonke i-Iron Age Europe. Lo mkhuba ubonwe emibhalweni yakudala eqoshiwe ngobufakazi bokususwa, ukusikwa, nokubukiswa kwekhanda. Lokhu ngokwesiko kuye kwaxhunyaniswa nePan-European “Ihlelo eliyinhloko,” okusolakala ukuthi yayisetshenziswa emlandweni ukusekela umqondo weCeltic ebumbene impucuko (Ingalo, 2012).
Amakhanda anqunyiwe ezitha zawo ayegqunyiswa futhi aboniswa amaCelt asendulo. Le miklomelo yashiwo ababhali abangamaGrikhi uDiodorus noStrabo. Bobabili basikisela ukuthi amaqhawe amaCelt asebenzisa uwoyela womsedari ukuze alondoloze izingebhezi zezitha zawo.
Imithombo yamaGrikhi ichaze kabanzi amasiko amasiko okususwa kwamakhanda ezitha abulawa empini ngokwesibonelo amaCelt asendulo. Baqaqanjiswa futhi bakhonjiswa phambi kwekhaya lomnqobi. Izikhali zomhlatshelo zazizobekwa ngamakhanda aqoshiwe.
Kutholakale izingebhezi eziningana kanye nezikhali zasendulo ezibuyela emuva ngekhulu lesi-3 BC, ngokufana nokutholwe kwemivubukulo okwenziwe eLe Cailar, eFrance, idolobhana elineminyaka engu-2,500 XNUMX eMfuleni iRhone. ILe Cailar kwakuyidolobha lamaCelt lapho amakhanda ahlukanisiwe kungenzeka akhonjiswe kuze kube isifunda sashiywa cishe ngonyaka wama 200 ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu.
Lawa makhanda, ngokusho kwabaphenyi, bekuhloselwe ukuba izakhamizi zaseCeltic zibuke zikhexe. Lokhu bekuphikisana nomqondo wendabuko wokuthi amakhanda anqunyiwe asebenza njengezimpawu zokuxwayisa abantu abangaziwa abangena kulo muzi. Kwembulwa ukuthi uwoyela we-pinaceae wagcotshwa kaningi ngenhloso yokugcina ugebhezi.
Yize 'izingebhezi' zazihlonishwa kakhulu empucukweni yase-Iron Age yaseYurophu, kwakungekho nkomba yokugqumisa noma ukubhema esimweni sogebhezi lwaseHeslington. Ngakho-ke inkinga ihlala: kungani ingqondo yakhe yasinda?
IHeslington Brain: Ukutholwa kwemivubukulo
Ngesikhathi kwakhiwa ikhampasi entsha yase-University of York ngo-Agasti 2008, uMark Johnson we-York Archaeological Trust wathola ugebhezi lomuntu omnyama, ebheke phansi, endaweni ka-A1 eHeslington East, York, UK. Kutholakale inani elilinganiselwe lezingcezu zamathambo ezilwane ngalokhu kutholakala.
Kwatholakala neziteshi zamanzi ezimbalwa ezedlule, kanye nemisele eqondile enezinsuku zomlando ezineminyaka engu-2,500 2,100 ubudala. Amanzi avela emithonjeni nasechachamba emthambekeni we-moraine ayethunyelwe emithonjeni eminingana, emibili yayo eyayinolayini bezintambo. Lokhu kukhombisile izinkomba zokusetshenziswa kusuka kuBronze Age (700 BC - 800 BC) kuya ku-Middle Iron Age (150 BC - XNUMX BC).
Kwambiwa eningizimu, lapho amakhulu emisele akhombisa ukungcola kokuhlala futhi aphakamisa imicimbi eyengeziwe yemikhosi eyayisukela ku-Bronze Age kuya enkathini yokuqala yamaRoma. Eziningi zikhonjiswe ngesigxobo esisodwa. Lezi zimbobo zenziwe ngamatshe 'ashisiwe' amatshe endawo.
Ezinye izinto kwakuyinyamazane ebomvu enqunywe ikhanda eyayigqitshwe emgodini we-paleoch kanye nensimbi yenyamazane ebomvu engasetshenziswanga etholwe emgodini we-Iron Age. Kepha, kukho konke okutholakele, ugebhezi lomuntu omnyama obheke ebusweni obuso be-A1 lwaluthakazelisa kakhulu. Ibibekwe kubumba olumanzi, olunsundu olucekeceke oluphilayo, olunesihlabathi.
Ukuqhekeka kufayela le- skull kubangelwe ukufuduka okubuhlungu kwe-vertebra esisekelweni, ngokusho kokuhlolwa kogebhezi. Ngasohlangothini olungaphambili lwe-centrum, amamaki ayisishiyagalolunye abukhali wamandla okusika abunjiwe adalwe amathuluzi anezinhlamvu ezincane abonakala. Amamaki okusikwa akhombisa ukuthi ikhanda lomuntu lalinqunyiwe ngemuva kokuthi elenga.
Ukuhlolwa okuqhubekayo kwe-cranium kwembula isisindo esinamandla esasingahambisani nobumba olumnyama onsundu nodaka. Lapho abacwaningi behlola le nto nge-endocranial cavity ngokusebenzisa i-foramen magnum, bathola ubukhona bezinto eziphuzi, okwathi kamuva kwaqinisekiswa ukuthi ubuchopho.
Ngenxa yalokhu kutholwa okungavamile, iqembu elenza imikhakha eyahlukene eliholwa uDkt Sonia O'Connor lasungulwa ukuze lihlole ubuchopho bukaHeslington kanye nezimo ezaholela ekutholakaleni kwalo ukulondolozwa okumangalisayo.
Ukuhlaziywa kwesayensi kweHeslington Brain
Olunye uphenyo luveze ukuthi ugebhezi bekungelomuntu wesilisa, ngokusho kwethimba lika-O'Connor. Iminyaka yokushona ibinqunyelwe ukuthi ibe phakathi kweminyaka engama-26 nengama-45 ubudala ngokususelwa ekuhlolweni kwe skull ukuvalwa kwe-suture nokuheha i-molar. Kwakungekho okukhombisa ukugula okhakhayini.
Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, ukuhlolwa kwama-vertebrae amabili aseduze kwembula i-arch ephukile yekholomu yesibili ngapha nangapha, okuholele kulokho okwakubonakala kuyisifo esibuhlungu se-spondylolisthesis, okungenzeka ukuthi senziwe ngokulenga. Kutholakale namamaki ayisishiyagalolunye okusikwa kwamathuluzi anamandla phakathi kwamathambo omqolo amabili, okukhombisa ukuthi ugebhezi belunamathele ngokucophelela ngemuva kokufa.
Udaba lobuchopho okhakhayini lwalunciphile kepha lwalusabonakala. Yize i-surface morphology yalesi sitho yayiqinile futhi ixubene nezendwangu zodaka oluxubekile, ukulondolozwa kwayo kwabangelwa izizathu eziningi, kufaka phakathi nendawo yekhanda elinqunyiwe.
Umhlabathi onogwayi osemgodini omanzi waphuca umhlaba umoya-mpilo. Esinye isici ukuthi ubuchopho bukaHeslington babhekana nokushintshwa kwamakhemikhali kanye nezimo okwabhekanwa nazo ngenkathi kungcwatshwa. Kwakungekho zinkomba zokucekelwa phansi kwe-adipocere noma okunamafutha.
Lokhu bekusho ukuthi ikhanda bekuyi wangcwatshwa ngokushesha ngemuva kokunqunywa ikhanda, kungekho sikhathi sokwehla kokubola. Esinye isici ukuthi, ezimweni eziningi, amabhaktheriya agcwele esiswini bese ehamba emzimbeni wonke ngemithambo yegazi ngesikhathi sokubola. Ngenxa yokuthi ugebhezi lwalunqunyiwe negazi selikhanyile, yayingekho indlela yokuthi amagciwane alithelele.
Imiphumela ka-Heslington Man's DNA
Ngesikhathi kwenziwa uphenyo, abacwaningi baphinde bathatha i- DNA isampula kusuka ebuchosheni bukaHeslington. Ukulandelana kwe-DNA kwalowo muntu kuveze ukufana okusondelene neHaplogroup J1d, eyaqala ukutholwa kubantu abavela eTuscany nase-Near East.
Leli qembu lokulandelana kwe-DNA alikatholakali kubantu baseBrithani; noma kunjalo, isampula elengeziwe labantu baseBrithani lingakhombisa abantu abaningi abangabakulesi haplogroup. U-O'Connor uphinde aqagele ukuthi leli qembu lalikhona eBrithani phambilini futhi kungenzeka ukuthi lanyamalala ngenxa yokushayisana kwezakhi zofuzo.
Ngaphandle kokuthi imininingwane eminingi ngalo muntu itholakele ngocwaningo lwezinto zakudala nolwezomthetho, imibuzo eyinhloko ngokufa kwakhe ayikaphendulwa. Kungani akhethwa, futhi kungani ikhanda lakhe lafakwa ethuneni ngokushesha okungaka?
Ucwaningo lwe-Heslington Brain luyaqhubeka
The uphenyo kuqhubeke uHeslington Man. Yize izifundo ezinkulu zesikhathi, ukufa, kanye neqembu okungenzeka ukuthi lo muntu bekufanele aqede, futhi uphenyo olulandelayo luzoqhubeka unomphela, kusenemibuzo eminingi, njengokuthi kungani lo mfana abulawa. Kwezinye izibonelo eziningi zamakhanda anqunyiwe, kwakuyizindebe zempi noma imihlatshelo yemikhuba eyenzelwe ukujabulisa onkulunkulu.
Ngokomlando, amaCelt abaziwa ukuthi anqamula ikhanda iziboshwa zempi futhi abukise ngamakhanda abo asikiwe. Le ndlela futhi yenze kwadingeka ukuthi kulondolozwe ngokuqhubekayo lezi zingebhezi ngokusebenzisa uketshezi lokugqumisa. Isazi semivubukulo uRejane Roure wasePaul Valery University yaseMontpellier eFrance wasungula lo mbono.
URoure nozakwabo bafunda izingcezu zogebhezi ezitholwe eLe Cailar, idolobhana laseCeltic eliqinile eningizimu yeFrance. Kwatholakala amasiginesha ka-resin nowoyela wezitshalo esifundweni sakhe samakhemikhali sezingcezu zogebhezi iLe Cailar. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-cutmark akhombisile ukuthi ubuchopho bususiwe.
Kwakungekho bufakazi bokugqumisa noma ukubhema ogebhezini lukaHeslington. Ukhakhayi lwasuswa lwangcwatshwa ngokushesha, okusho ukuthi lo muntu akazange abulawe empini noma acatshangelwe ukuthi ufanele ukuboniswa. Elinye iqiniso ukuthi ubuchopho babungekho kuphela kugebhezi, kepha futhi lwalugcinwa kahle kakhulu yimicimbi yemvelo.
Kwezinye izimo, izidumbu namakhanda bekungcwatshwa ubuso nobuso yizindawo ezinamanzi okuthiwa zimele izingosi kweminye imihlaba. Ukhakhayi lwaseHeslington, njengesibonelo sangaphambilini ngesifundo sikaBunning sentokazi ye-Iron Age olutholwe osebeni loMfula iSowy eSomerset, lutholwe lubheke phansi emgodini omanzi. Indawo akuyo ingahle iveze inhlekelele enjalo.
Ngokombiko womlando wamaGrikhi nowaseRoma, abantu basendulo baseBrithani babecabanga ukuthi amachibi emvelo amanzi ayekhona izingosi kwezinye izindawo ngakho-ke kwakudingeka umhlatshelo wabantu ukuletha izipho zabo konkulunkulu.
Kodwa-ke, njengoba umbhali uRiley Winters asho esiqeshini sakhe kwi-Iron Age Britain, okuwukuphela komthombo esinawo mayelana nomhlatshelo yizicucu ezibhalwe yizazi-mlando zamaGrikhi nezamaRoma; AmaRoma anesimo sengqondo sokuzonda abaseBrithani abanjengoJulius Caesar, uLuncan noTacitus.
Yize bewadelela amaNgisi asendulo, izindaba zabo yizona zodwa ezinemininingwane yokushiswa okuyisiko, ukulengiswa, ukugwazwa, ukunqunywa umphimbo, namanye amasu amaningi asetshenziselwe ukunikela ngabantu.
Ngale mininingwane esesandleni, umuntu angakha isithombe esicace bha sezinsuku zokugcina zendoda kaHeslington. Indoda yaseHeslington kungenzeka ukuthi kwakungumuntu wangaphandle owaboshwa. AmaCelt ayengacabanga ukuthi umfanele umhlatshelo ongcwele lapho eqeda umsebenzi wokuchezukisa imifudlana nemisele yemithombo yabo.
Kungenzeka ukuthi wabusiswa ngumpristi kulo mkhuba, ngaphambi nje kokuba ayiswe esihlahleni alenga aze afe. Lapho impilo yakhe isiphelile, wayezokwehliswa esihlahleni bese ikhanda lakhe likhishwe emzimbeni wakhe njengoba abanye basebenza ukumba umgodi. Ikhanda lakhe libe selimiswe kahle phansi lilungiselela ukungena kwakhe emkhosini obunye ubukhulu.
Ukube nje amaCeltic asendulo abekwazi ukuthi imicabango yendoda kaHeslington ibizogcinwa kuze kube yilapho ososayensi banamuhla bethola ubuchopho bakhe, ekugcineni kumenze aphumule. Kepha asisoze sazi ukuthi lokhu bekuyiqiniso yini. Sethemba ukuthi ucwaningo olwengeziwe luzoveza okuningi ngomlando wobuchopho bukaHeslington.
