UJames Marion Sims - Indoda yesayensi yokuphikisana okukhulu, ngoba yize ayengumuntu ovelele emkhakheni wezokwelapha futhi ngokunembile kulokho kwe-gynaecology, kwabaningi futhi uyisikhohlakali seqiniso ngenxa yokuhlolwa kwakhe okunonya nokungahambisani nokuziphatha kwakhe nezintombi eziyizigqila.
Kuthiwa ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1850, uJ. Wenza kaningi ukuhlinza izitho zangasese kubantu besifazane abaMnyama ngaphandle kwe-Anesthesia ngoba ngokusho kwakhe, “Abesifazane abaMnyama ababuzwa ubuhlungu.” Yize evivinywa ngonya kubantu besifazane abaMnyama, uSims waqanjwa igama elithi “The Father of Modern Gynecology”, kanti isithombe sakhe sasimi ngaphandle nje kweNew York Academy of Medicine saze sasuswa ngo-Ephreli 2018, kulandela imibhikisho eyayenziwa ezweni lonke ngezithombe zeConfederate.
UJames Marion Sims - Ubaba Wezifo Zabesifazane Zanamuhla
Udokotela waseMelika uJames Marion Sims (1813-1883), ngokungangabazeki, wayengudokotela ohlinzayo obaluleke kakhulu wekhulu le-19, ezibheka njengamanje njengobaba nomsunguli wezifo zabesifazane zesimanje. Phakathi kokunye, wenza ukuhlinzwa kokuqala okungaguquguquki nokuphumelelayo kwe-vesico-vaginal fistula, inkinga yezokwelapha esabekayo ehlobene ngqo nokubeletha, eyakhiwa phakathi kwesinye nesitho sangasese sowesifazane okuholela ekungangeni komchamo njalo nokungalawuleki.
UMarion Sims ngaleyo ndlela wakwazi ukuxazulula inkinga yezokwelapha eyayithinta kakhulu izigidi zabesifazane kuwo wonke umlando, into odokotela abaningi ababeyiphenye futhi bayifuna ngaphandle kwempumelelo kuze kube yileso sikhathi. Inconyiwe futhi yathandwa njengeqhawe ngokwezinto zokuhlinza, idumela likaSims alizange lithathe ukuwa ngisho nakulelikhulu leminyaka, lapho amafomu nezindlela udokotela ohlinzayo ayezisebenzisile ukuthuthukisa intuthuko yakhe zaziwa, zihlaselwa ngokufanele ukungabi nesimilo yezinqubo zalo.
Ukuzijwayeza kukaJ
Wazalelwa eLancaster County, eSouth Carolina ngo-1813, uJames Marion Sims wangena emkhakheni wezokwelapha lapho odokotela bengazange benze izifundo ezinzima nokuqeqeshwa njengabo namuhla. Ngemuva kokuhlangana nodokotela, ethathe izifundo zezinyanga ezintathu futhi efunda unyaka eJefferson Medical College, uSims waqala umkhuba wakhe eLancaster. Kamuva wathuthela eMontgomery, e-Alabama, efuna ukuqala kabusha ngemuva kokushona kweziguli zakhe ezimbili zokuqala.
KwakuseMontgomery lapho uMarion Sims azakhela khona udumo phakathi kwabanikazi bamasimu abacebile, abamhlophe ngokuphatha impahla yabo yabantu. Phakathi kuka-1845 no-1849, wenza ukuhlinza okuhlukahlukene kokuhlola izigqila zase-Afrika zaseMelika ezabaholela ekuhluphekeni okukhulu. Ngamanye amagama, umkhuba kaSims wawususelwe kakhulu ekuhwebeni ngezigqila.
USims wakha isibhedlela sabantu abayisishiyagalombili enkabeni yesifunda sokuhweba eMontgomery. Ngenkathi ukunakekelwa kwezempilo okuningi kwenzeka emasimini, amanye amacala anenkani alethwa kodokotela abanjengoSims ababethelela abasebenzi abagqilaziwe ukuze bakwazi ukukhiqiza - nokuzala kabusha - kwamakhosi abo futhi. Ngaphandle kwalokho, zazingenamsebenzi kubaninizo.
USims Wangena Kanjani Kulowo Mkhakha?
Njengodokotela abaningi ngekhulu le-19, ekuqaleni uSims wayengenayo intshisekelo yokwelapha iziguli zesifazane - futhi wayengekho noqeqesho oluthile lwabesifazane. Impela, ukuhlola nokwelapha izitho zabesifazane kwakucatshangwa ukuthi kuyacasula futhi akulunganga. Kodwa intshisekelo yakhe ekwelapheni abesifazane yashintsha lapho ecelwa ukuba asize isiguli esasiwile ehhashini futhi esasiphethwe yizinhlungu zokhalo nezomhlane.
Ukwelapha ukulimala kwalona wesifazane, uSims wabona ukuthi kudingeka abheke ngqo esithweni sakhe sangasese. Wambeka kuzo zozine izinyawo, wancika phambili, wayesebenzisa iminwe yakhe ukumsiza abone ngaphakathi. Lokhu kutholakala kumsizile wakha isandulela se-speculum yanamuhla: isibambo esigobile sesipuni se-pewter.
Ngokuhlolwa kwakhe, uSims ubengabona ukuthi isiguli sine-fistula ye-vesicovaginal. Njengoba engenalo ikhambi elaziwayo lesifo, uSims waqala ukuzama ngo-1845 ngamasu okuhlinza ukwelapha lawo mafistula. Uma abaphathi beziguli behlinzeka ngezimpahla zokugqoka nezikhokhelwayo, uSims ubaphethe kahle laba besifazane kuze kube kuqedwa ukwelashwa kwabo.
Ukuhlinzwa Kokuhlola kukaSims Kakhulukazi Kwakungenasimiso Futhi Kunonya
Ukuhlinzwa kukaSims kwenziwa ngaphandle kwe-anesthesia, hhayi ngoba ngaleso sikhathi ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwezokwelapha kwakusakhiwa nje, kepha ngoba uSims ngokwakhe wathi izinhlungu zazingenabukhulu obanele ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-anesthesia kwakudingeka, into abesifazane abangazange bayavumelana kokuncane, yize kunjalo, nabo abezwanga. Ngenkathi ngokusho kwabanye, uSims uqobo wayekholelwa ukuthi “Abesifazane abaMnyama ababuzwa ubuhlungu.”
Phakathi neminyaka emine, uSims wazama inqwaba yezigqila zesifazane esibhedlela sakhe sakudala eMontgomery, ngenxa yalokho, umonakalo ongenakulinganiswa owadala izisulu zakhe. Abanye babo bathola ukuhlinzwa kaninginingi, njengecala elidumile lesigqila esincane okuthiwa u-Anarcha Westcott, owayehlushwa yinkinga ye-vesico-vaginal noma i-recto-vaginal fistula futhi wathola ukuhlinzwa okungu-30 kuSims ngaphambi kokuba akwazi ukwenza , evala izimbobo eziphakathi kwesinye sakhe kanye nengxenyeni.
Esinye isiguli uSims wahlinzwa kwakunguLucy oneminyaka engu-18, owayebelethe ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule futhi engakwazanga ukulawula isinye sakhe kusukela lapho. Ngesikhathi kwenziwa le nqubo, iziguli zazinqunu ngokuphelele futhi zacelwa ukuba zigobeke ngamadolo futhi zigobele phambili ezindololwaneni ukuze amakhanda azo ahlale ezandleni zazo. ULucy wakhuthazelela ukuhlinzwa okwathatha ihora, ekhala futhi ekhala ngobuhlungu, njengoba abanye odokotela abacishe babe yishumi nambili babebukela.
Njengoba uSims kamuva abhala encwadini yakhe yokuphila, Indaba Yokuphila Kwami, Ubuhlungu bukaLucy babudlulele. ” Wagula kakhulu ngenxa yokusebenzisa kwakhe isiponji okuyimpikiswano ukukhipha umchamo esinyeni, okwaholela ekutheni athole ubuthi begazi. "Bengicabanga ukuthi uzokufa… kumthathe izinyanga ezimbili noma ezintathu uLucy elulama ngokuphelele emiphumeleni yokuhlinzwa," wabhala.
Namuhla kuyaziwa ukuthi akukho okunye ukuhlinza okwenziwe nguJames Marion Sims obekuvunyelwene ngakho, abesifazane baboshwa ngozankosi ngenkani futhi baphoqeleka ukuba benze izinqubo zokuhlola ezinonya nezibuhlungu kakhulu zikaSims.
Esinye isigqila esaba nebhadi kwakunguBetsy naye obhekane nesimo esifanayo no-Anarcha noLucy. Ukusho lokhu, uLucy, u-Anarcha noBetsy “bangomama bezifo zabesifazane zanamuhla” ngesikhathi sokunikela.
Ukuhlola Izingane Ezigqilaziwe
Umbhali kanye nesimilo sokuziphatha kwezokwelapha uHarriet Washington uthi izinkolelo zikaSims zokubandlulula ngokobuhlanga zithinte ngaphezu kokuhlolwa kwakhe kwabesifazane. Ngaphambi nangemuva kokuhlolwa kwakhe kwabesifazane, waphinde wahlola izindlela zokwelashwa ezinganeni eziMnyama eziyizigqila ngomzamo wokwelapha i- “trismus nascentium” (isifo sokubeletha esisanda kuzalwa) - kodwa kwaba nhlanga zimuka nomoya. USims naye wayekholelwa ukuthi abantu base-Afrika baseMelika babehlakaniphe kancane kunabantu abamhlophe, futhi wayecabanga ukuthi kungenxa yokuthi izingebhezi zabo zakhula ngokushesha okukhulu ezungeze ubuchopho babo. Uzosebenza ezinganeni zase-Afrika zaseMelika esebenzisa ithuluzi lomenzi wezicathulo ukuze ahlukanise amathambo abo futhi akhulule izingebhezi zabo.
Isiphetho
Umlando othusayo wesifo sabesifazane besimanje nokuthi uJ.Marion Sims uzame kanjani ukuhlinza izitho zangasese ngaphandle kwe-anesthesia kwizigqila eziMnyama kusalokhu kuyisihloko esiphikisanayo kuze kube namuhla. Eminyakeni edlule, abesifazane nabesilisa abaningi bakhombise ukumelana nesithombe sikaJ. Marion Sims eCentral Park eNew York, ukukhalaza ukuhlukunyezwa kwakhe futhi bafuna ukuthi asuswe. Lesi sithombe sasuswa ngo-Ephreli 2018, sabe sesithuthelwa emathuneni eGreen-Wood eBrooklyn, eNew York, lapho kungcwatshwa khona uSims. Kepha umbuzo osalokhu ujulile emqondweni: "Ngabe leli iqiniso lokuthi ngaphandle kwesihluku, akukho ntuthuko kwezesayensi ??"
