UPlato utshele indaba ye-Atlantis cishe ngonyaka we-360 BC. Abasunguli be-Atlantis, wathi, babengunkulunkulu oyingxenye nengxenye yabantu. Bakha impucuko ephezulu futhi baba amandla amakhulu asolwandle. Ama-Atlantean ayengonjiniyela abakhaliphile. Cishe eminyakeni eyi-12,000 eyedlule bakha izigodlo, amathempeli, amatheku, amadokodo kanye nohlelo lwamanzi oluyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
Abalimi babelima ukudla ensimini encane nangemuva kwensimu, lapho izintaba zazihlangana khona nesibhakabhaka kulapho ama-Atlantean ayenemizi khona. UPlato wayechaze imithombo emikhulu yamabhilidi ngamanzi ashisayo namanzi abandayo, izindonga zimbozwe izinsimbi eziyigugu nezithombe ezenziwe ngegolide. Namuhla, i-Atlantis ivame ukuchazwa njengombumbulu-mlando noma inganekwane, kepha ingabe kunjalo ngempela?
Umsuka Wendaba Ka-Atlantis
Emisebenzini emibili emikhulu kaPlato, iTimaeus neCritias, uPlato uchaza impucuko yase-Athene ezingxoxweni eziphakathi Critias, uSocrates, UThimeyu futhi AmaHermocrates. I-Critias's Plitias ilandisa ngendaba yombuso onamandla wasesiqhingini i-Atlantis kanye nomzamo wayo wokunqoba i-Athene, eyahluleka ngenxa yomphakathi owawu-oda wase-Athene.
I-Critias ingeyesithathu kwe-trilogy ebonwayo yezingxoxo, eyandulelwa nguTimaeus yalandelwa yi-Hermocrates. Lesi sakamuva kungenzeka asikaze sibhalwe futhi iCritias (Dialogue) ishiywe ingaphelele.
Indoda okuthiwa yaqala ukuletha indaba ka-Atlantis isuka eGibhithe iya eGrisi kwaba Solon, umenzi womthetho odumile owayehlala eGrisi phakathi kuka-630 no-560 BC. Ngokusho kukaPlato, uSolon wayixoxela ukhokho kaCritias owayebonakala kule ngxoxo, uDropides, owabe eseyitshela indodana yakhe, naye owayebizwa ngoCritias nomkhulu wamaCritias engxoxweni. Umdala uCritias wabe eseyixoxela umzukulu wakhe le ndaba eneminyaka engu-90 kanti uCritias omncane wayeneminyaka eyishumi.
Idolobha Elilahlekile Lase-Atlantis
Ngokusho kukaCritias, i-Atlantis kwakuyidolobha elikhulu lase-Athene, elathi, ngesandla sesintu, lahlangana nokubhujiswa okuyinhlekelele cishe eminyakeni eyizi-9,600 9,000 BC, ngaphambi kukaPlato ngeminyaka engama-XNUMX. Ngokufunda kukayisemkhulu, uCritias uphinde walandisa ngendaba yempucuko yase-Athene.
UCritias wathi ukhokho wakhe uSolon wayengumhambi ongumGreki futhi eyisazi-mlando esivela eGibhithe, owahlala futhi waxhumana nabapristi abakhulu baseGibhithe. Okuqoshiwe okuvela kuSolon bese kunikezwa uPlato ngabakwaCritias. Ngenxa yokuthi imisebenzi kaPlato ibhekwa njengeyiqiniso elingokomlando, abaningi bakholelwa ngokuqinile ukuthi u-Atlantis wayekhona ngempela.
Ngokusho kukaCritias, ezikhathini zasendulo, uMhlaba wahlukaniselwa onkulunkulu ngesabelo. Onkulunkulu babephatha abantu ezifundeni zabo njengabelusi abaphatha izimvu, bezelusa futhi bebaqondisa njengezinduna nempahla. Abakwenzanga lokhu ngamandla, kodwa ngokukholisa. Ngalezo zinsuku, izindawo manje eseziyiziqhingi zaseGrisi kwakuyizintaba eziphakeme ezazimbozwe inhlabathi enhle.
Kwathi ngolunye usuku, uzamcolo womhlaba wonke I-Deucalion weza washaya umhlaba. Isikhukhula ngesikhathi sikaDeucalion sabangelwa intukuthelo kaZeus, eyabhebhezelwa yizimbumbulu zabantu basePelasgi. Ngakho-ke uZeus wanquma ukuqeda i-Bronze Age. Ngokwale ndaba, uLycaon, inkosi yase-Arcadia, wayenikele ngomfana kuZeus, owashaqeka ngalo mnikelo ononya.
UZeus wakhipha uzamcolo, kangangokuba imifula yagcwala izikhukhula nolwandle lwakhukhula ithafa elisogwini, lwagcwala amagquma ngamathe, lwageza yonke into ihlanzekile. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi awukho umhlabathi okhukhulwe izintaba ukuze ubuyisele inhlabathi elahlekile, inhlabathi kuleyo ndawo yaphucwa, yabangela ukuba ingxenye enkulu yendawo icishe ingabonakali, futhi iziqhingi ezasala zaba “amathambo omzimba ofile. ”
I-Athene, ngalezo zinsuku, yayihluke kakhulu. Izwe lalicebile futhi kulethwa amanzi avela emithonjeni engaphansi komhlaba, kamuva eyacekelwa phansi ukuzamazama komhlaba. Uchaza impucuko yase-Athene ngaleso sikhathi njengefanele: ukuphishekela bonke ubuhle, ukuhlala ngokulinganisela, nokwenza kahle emsebenzini wabo.
Ube eseqhubeka echaza ngemvelaphi ye-Atlantis. Uthe i-Atlantis yabelwa uPoseidon. UPoseidon wathandana nentombazane efayo egama linguCleito - indodakazi kaMororor noLeucippe - futhi wamzalela izingane eziningi, eyokuqala okwakuthiwa u-Atlas, owathola ifa lombuso walidlulisela kwizibulo lakhe ezizukulwaneni eziningi.
I-Critias bese ingena emininingwaneni eminingi ekuchazeni isiqhingi sase-Atlantis kanye neThempeli kuya ePoseidon naseCleito esiqhingini, futhi kubhekiswe ku-orichalcum eyinsimbi. Kwakuyinsimbi eyigugu ephuzi eyaziwa ngamaGrikhi namaRoma asendulo. Insimbi yasenganekwaneni kwakuthiwa ibaluleke kakhulu kunegolide.
Yini Eyenze I-Atlantis Yathakazelisa Kangaka Ebuntwini?
Ngokusho kwezincwadi zomlando kaPlato, i-Atlantis kwakuyisifundazwe samasosha esihlelekile, esathi ekupheleni kombuso waso, sahlangabezana nenhlekelele enkulu yemvelo ngesikhathi sokuhlela kokuhlaselwa kweGibhithe.
Kwezolimo, isizwe sase-Athene sasifunde kahle futhi sikwazi ukudala amakhambi avela ezitshalweni. Amakhono abo okunisela ayethuthuke kakhulu, njengoba bakha imisele eminingi ukunisela amathafa abo kanye nezindawo zokulima. Ngenxa yobuhlakani babo obuphakeme, amadamu nezakhiwo ezinjengeMetropolis zakhiwa, kwakhiwa imishini namabhuloho enziwe ngogesi, kwabhalwa izingcezu zemithetho nemithetho; futhi kaningi, izinto zabo zazimbozwa ngethusi, ithusi noma igolide.
Ngokususelwa ebukhosini nasesigabeni esihlelekile, impucuko yase-Atlantis nayo ibambe isikhundla esibalulekile kwabesifazane. Ngokomlando okwakucatshangwa ukuthi yisizwe esikhulu kunazo zonke izizwe, u-Atlantis wabusa wonke umhlaba ozungezile ngemithetho yawo yobumbano.
Ngaphandle kokuba yimpucuko esezingeni eliphezulu, i-Atlantis yayiyizwekazi elincane kakhulu, ngokusho kukaPlato. Ngokwezilinganiso zikaCritias, i-Atlantis ibingaba ngamamitha-skwele angaba ngu-7,820,000 XNUMX ngosayizi - lokhu kukhulu kunezinye, izindishi ezinkulu zolwandle. Ama-critias akhawunti abapristi baseGibhithe abatshela nge-Atlantis etholakala ngale kwezinsika zikaHercules - iStrait of Gibraltar. Yilapho i-Atlantic Ocean noLwandle iMedithera bekhulumisana khona.
Namuhla, kunikelwe ubufakazi obuthile obukhombisa izindonga nemigwaqo engaphansi kwamanzi, kanye neqoqo leziqhingi ezifana nesimo se-Atlantis oLwandle lweCaribbean. Enye inkolelo yokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi i-Atlantis kungenzeka iphumule eMid-Atlantic Ridge, engaba ngaphansi komugqa wezintaba. Ngenkathi abanye abacwaningi bekholelwa ukuthi i-Atlantis ingaba se-Azores, Crete noma eCanary Islands.
Ngeshwa, ngokusho kwabapristi baseGibhithe, i-Atlantis yayihlale ishaywa ukuzamazama komhlaba okuyinhlekelele nezikhukhula kwaze kwaba usuku olulodwa lapho lonke izwekazi lacwila ngaphansi kolwandle futhi lanyamalala. Bacashunwe futhi bethi lapho i-Atlantis yanyamalala khona, kwaba yindawo olwandle eyayingahambeki futhi engatholakali. Umbono wokucwila kwe-Atlantis kwakuwukuthi isintu sase sikhohlakele kakhulu, kangangokuba ngezandla zabo, sazidalela ukubhubha.
Isiphetho
Ekugcineni, u-Atlantis usikhumbuza izindaba eziseBhayibhelini zeSodoma noNowa. Iphinde ihambisane nokushintshwa kwamazwekazi kuyo yonke iminyaka yomlando womhlaba, kepha ngabe i-Atlantis yayikhona ngempela? Ubufakazi, noma ngabe buyizincwadi noma ezemibhalo yefilosofi, iqiniso likhona ukuthi uPlato wabhala iqiniso lomlando kuphela. Lokhu kushiwo, yimuphi umyalezo uPlato ayezama ukuwudlulisela ekusaseni lesintu?
Ukuphetha lo mbhalo, sikhumbula ikhotheshini evela kuCritias, emibhalweni kaPlato, “Kube khona, futhi kuzobakhona, ukubhujiswa okuningi kwesintu okuvela ngezimbangela eziningi; ezinkulu kunazo zonke zilethwe izinhlangano zomlilo namanzi, nezinye ezingatheni ngezinye izimbangela ezingenakubalwa. ”
