Kutholakale endaweni yakudala yesigodlo saseMinoan sePhaistos, i-Phaistos Disc eneminyaka engu-4,000 ibhalwe izimpawu ezingama-241 okungekho noyedwa okwazile ukuzicacisa kuze kube namuhla.
Imfihlakalo Yediski Le-Phaistos:
Lokhu kutholakala okungajwayelekile kwenziwa ngo-1908 endaweni yokugcina ithempeli elingaphansi komhlaba exhumene nendawo yakudala yesigodlo saseMinoan yasePhaistos, esiqhingini saseCrete, eGrisi. Isazi semivubukulo uLuigi Pernier ususe idiski kusendlalelo somhlaba omnyama esivumele ukuthi i-artifact ibe nesikhathi ngokomongo phakathi kuka-1850 BC no-1600 BC.
Yenziwe ngodaka oluqotshiwe, idiski icishe ibe ngu-15cm ububanzi nesentimitha obukhulu ngezimpawu ezifakwe ezinhlangothini zombili. Incazelo yokubhala ayikaze iqondwe ngendlela eyamukelekayo kubacwaningi bemivubukulo noma abafundi bezilimi zasendulo. Kuyinto engavamile ngezizathu eziningana. Okubaluleke kakhulu, ingenye yohlobo futhi ayikho enye into - mhlawumbe ngaphandle kwe-Arkalochori Ax - ephethe noma yimuphi umbhalo ofanayo.
Umbhalo ngokwawo wenziwe ngokucindezela izinhlamvu ezifakwe kusengaphambili kubumba oluthambile okungenza lokhu kube ukusetshenziswa okurekhodwe kokuqala kohlobo oluhambayo. Kubalulekile ukuthi wazi ukuthi itholwe iseduze nethebhulethi yesibili ngokubhala okujwayelekile kusuka kule nkathi kwaziwa njengeLinar A.
I-Linear A uhlelo lokubhala olusetshenziswa amaMinoans (amaCretan) kusuka ku-1800 kuya ku-1450 BC ukubhala ulimi lwe-Minoan olucatshangelwe. I-Linear A kwakuwumbhalo oyinhloko owawusetshenziswa esigodlweni nasemibhalweni yenkolo yempucuko yaseMinoan. Kutholwe ngumvubukuli uSir Arthur Evans. Kwalandelwa uLinear B, owawusetshenziswa ngabaseMycenaeans ukubhala uhlobo lwesiGreki lwakuqala. Ayikho imibhalo ku-Linear A echaziwe.
Yize kube khona impikiswano mayelana nokuba yiqiniso kweDisk kukholakala ukuthi iyiqiniso futhi iboniswa ku IHeraklion Museum yaseCrete, eGrisi. Imibono eminingi iphakanyisiwe futhi isukela ePhaistos Disk iba ithokheni lomkhuleko kumyalezo ovela kubafokazi basendulo. Umbono wakamuva futhi oqondakalayo ngukuthi kwakuwumyalezo onamakhodi owawufundwa bese ulahlwa ngokuwuphonsa emigodini. Uma kunjalo kuzomela enye yezindlela zokuqala zokubethela okuyisisekelo.
Izimpawu Zediski Le-Phaistos:
Izimpawu ezingama-45 ezahlukahlukene ezimelwe kudiski kubonakala sengathi zigxivizwe ngazodwana - yize ezinye izimpawu zohlobo olufanayo kubonakala sengathi zenziwe ngezitembu ezahlukahlukene - bese idiski yaqhuma. Futhi, ezinye izimpawu zikhombisa ubufakazi bokuthi zisuliwe futhi zafakwa isitampu kabusha ngophawu olufanayo noma ngokuhlukile. Ngeshwa, azikatholakali izitembu kepha ukusetshenziswa kwazo ekwenziweni kwediski kungakhombisa ukuthi amanye amadiski ayenziwe, noma kwakenzelwe ukwenziwa.
Ngaphezu kwezimpawu ezikudiski, kukhona odwi kanye nemigoqo yamachashazi ehlabeke kubumba. Odeshi noma imigqa etshekile ibukeka idonswe ngesandla futhi njalo kwenzeka ngaphansi kophawu ngakwesobunxele sezimpawu ngaphakathi kweqembu njengoba kuklanywe imigqa emi mpo. Kodwa-ke, odeshi abekho kuwo wonke amaqembu.
Iziphakamiso ngokubaluleka kwazo zifaka omaka njengokuqala kwegama, izilungiso zangaphambili noma izijobelelo, onkamisa abengeziwe noma ongwaqa, abahlukanisi bamavesi nezitanza, noma izimpawu zokubhala. Ekugcineni, njengoba imigqa ingalingani ekusebenzeni futhi ingamakiwe ngokucophelela njengezinye izimpawu, kuphakanyisiwe nokuthi kumane kuyizimpawu zengozi ezenziwe ngesikhathi senqubo yokwenza. Imigqa yamachashazi yenzeka eduze komphetho ongaphandle wokuvunguza ezinhlangothini zombili. Iziphakamiso ngokubaluleka kwazo zifaka omaka ukuqala noma ukuphela kombhalo noma njengezimpawu zesahluko ezixhumanisa idiski namanye amadiski ahlanganisa umbhalo oqhubekayo.
Imizamo Yokuchaza I-Phaistos Disk:
Ukubaluleka kwezimpawu kuphikiswana kakhulu ngakho phakathi kwezazi zombili maqondana nokuthi uphawu ngalunye lumeleni ngokoqobo kanye nencazelo yazo yolimi. Okungashiwo ukuthi zonke izinhlelo zokubhala ezaziwayo manje ziyangena kwesinye sezigaba ezintathu: izithombe, ama-syllabaries, Futhi alphabets. Kuphakanyisiwe ukuthi inani lezimpawu ezahlukahlukene kudiski lincane kakhulu ukuthi lingaba yingxenye yohlelo lwe-pictographic kuphela futhi liningi kakhulu ukuthi lingaba yi-alfabhethi. Lokhu kushiya isilabhasi njengenketho engenzeka kakhulu - uphawu ngalunye luyilunga futhi iqembu ngalinye lezimpawu liyigama. Ngempela lolu uhlelo lwe-Mycenaean Linear B.
I-Linear B ngumbhalo wesilabhasi owawusetshenziselwa ukubhala Isi-Mycenaean Greek, uhlobo lwesiGreki lokuqala olwafakazelwa. Isikripthi sangaphambi kwezinhlamvu zamaGreki ngamakhulu amaningana eminyaka. Umbhalo omdala kunayo yonke waseMycenaean usukela cishe ku-1450 BC.
Kodwa-ke, kuzinhlelo ezinjalo, umuntu angalindela ukuthola ukusatshalaliswa kwezimpawu ezinengqondo ngaphakathi kombhalo onikeziwe futhi lokhu akunjalo ngezinhlangothi zombili zediski le-Phaistos ngalinye likhombisa ukusatshalaliswa okungalingani kwezimpawu ezithile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhumusha umbhalo njengohlu lwezifundo kungamangaza ukuthi kungahlinzeki ngamagama anohlamvu olulodwa bese kuthi u-10% kuphela abe nezinhlamvu ezimbili. Ngenxa yalezi zizathu, kuphakanyisiwe ukuthi ezinye zezimpawu zimele izinhlamvu zamagama ngenkathi ezinye zimelela amagama aphelele njengama-pictographs amsulwa.
Ngaphandle kobufakazi obubambekayo, imibono ehlukahlukene ngokubaluleka kombhalo kwidiski ihlanganisa iculo likankulunkulukazi womhlaba, uhlu lwenkantolo, inkomba yezikhungo zenkolo, incwadi yokubingelela, isiko lokuzala kanye namanothi omculo. Kodwa-ke, ngaphandle kokuthi kutholakale amanye amadiski anganikeza ososayensi bezilimi uhla olubanzi lokufunda noma abavubukuli bathole okulingana netshe le-Rosetta, kufanele sibhekane nethuba lokuthi idiski le-Phaistos lizohlala liyimfihlakalo ekhangayo ekhomba, kepha engadaluli , ulimi esilulahlile.
