Kusukela ekuqaleni kwempucuko, abantu babone imisebenzi enjalo engajwayelekile nengachazeki okukholelwa kakhulu ukuthi ibivela kwelinye izwe, beziqhayisa ngezidalwa ezihlakaniphile ezithuthukile. Kusukela kubuciko bokuqala bomgede kuya kubuciko banamuhla besayensi, kukhona amathani wezinto izizathu zazo ngqo nemvelaphi yazo kungaziwa, futhi isihloko esidala impikiswano yazo "Amasiginali angajwayelekile aqhamuka emkhathini ojulile" lokho, ngokusho kwabantu abaningi, kungaba ubufakazi bangempela bokuphila okuthuthukile okungaphandle komhlaba.
Ukuqagela Kwezazi Zomzimba uPhilip Morrison NoGiuseppe Cocconi:
Izazi zesayensi kaCornell uPhilip Morrison noGiuseppe Cocconi babecabangele ephepheni locwaningo lango-1959 ukuthi noma yikuphi ngaphandle Impucuko yokuzama ukuxhumana ngezimpawu zomsakazo ingakwenza lokho isebenzisa imvamisa ye-1420 megahertz (amasentimitha angama-21), ngokuqinisekile ekhishwa yinto ejwayelekile kakhulu e-Universe, Hydrogen; futhi kufanele ijwayeleke kuzo zonke izidalwa ezithuthukile kwezobuchwepheshe noma ezihlakaniphile.
Izimpawu Eziyinqaba Zikhethwe E-Arecibo:
Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva ngo-1968, kwakukhona imibiko eminingana yezimpawu ezingaziwa ezivela emkhathini ezathathwa kusibonakude somsakazo i-Arecibo ePuerto Rico. Kungahle kutholakale izindatshana eziningi zezindaba ezisuka ku-1968 lapho kwakhulunywa khona ngalezi zimpawu eziyinqaba njengobufakazi obungenzeka bokuba khona kwezidalwa ezisemkhathini ezithuthukile. Ngaleso sikhathi, uDkt Frank Donald Drake owaziwa ngokulingana kwakhe (UDrake Equation) ngamathuba okuphila kwasemhlabeni, waba nentshisekelo enkulu kulezi zigameko zesiginali ezingajwayelekile.
Indlebe enkulu:
Eminyakeni emihlanu kamuva ngo-1973, ngemuva kokuphothula ucwaningo olunzulu lwemithombo yomsakazo e-extragalactic, i-Ohio State University yabela i- manje-akusasebenzi I-Ohio State University Radio Observatory noma i-aka “Indlebe Enkulu” (ngaleso sikhathi eseduze ne-Perkins Observatory eDelaware, e-Ohio, e-United States) kuya ku- usesho lwesayensi lobuhlakani obungaphandle komhlaba (SETI). Kwakuwuhlelo olude kakhulu olusebenze lolu hlobo emlandweni.
Umlayezo we-Arecibo:
Ngonyaka olandelayo, uDkt Drake wacabanga igxathu eliya phambili futhi wenza isimangaliso umlayezo ngosizo oluvela uCarl Sagan, eyaziwa njenge- "Umlayezo we-Arecibo", umyalezo womsakazo ophakathi kwezinkanyezi ophethe imininingwane eyisisekelo ngobuntu noMhlaba othunyelwe kuqoqo lezinkanyezi lomhlaba jikelele Umthala we-M13 ngethemba lokuthi ukuhlakanipha okungaphandle komhlaba kungakuthola futhi kukuchaze.
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| Izingxenye ezihlukile zomlayezo zigqanyiswe ngemibala. Ukudluliswa koqobo kanambambili bekungabi nalwazi lombala. |
“Umlayezo We-Arecibo” inezingxenye eziyisikhombisa ezifake lokhu okulandelayo (kusuka phezulu phansi):
- Inombolo eyodwa (1) kuya kweyishumi (10) (emhlophe)
- Izinombolo ze-athomu zezakhi, i-hydrogen carbon, i-nitrogen, i-oxygen ne-phosphorus, ezakha i-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (nsomi)
- Ifomula yoshukela nezisekelo kuma-nucleotide e-DNA (luhlaza)
- Inani lama-nucleotide ku-DNA, kanye nomdwebo wesakhiwo se-helix ephindwe kabili ye-DNA (emhlophe noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka)
- Umfanekiso ocacile womuntu, ubukhulu (ubude bomzimba) bendoda ejwayelekile, kanye nabantu bomhlaba (obomvu, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka / omhlophe nomhlophe ngokulandelana)
- Umdwebo weSolar System okhombisa ukuthi yimaphi amaplanethi umyalezo ovela kuwo (ophuzi)
- Umdwebo wesibonakude somsakazo i-Arecibo nobukhulu (ubukhulu bomzimba) besitsha sokudlulisa i-antenna dish (okunsomi, okumhlophe nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka)
NgoNovemba 16, 1974, emcimbini okhethekile wokumaka kabusha iteleskopu yomsakazo i-Arecibo ePuerto Rico, umyalezo wasakazwa emkhathini ngasikhathi sinye ngamagagasi omsakazo.
Isiginali ye-Wow:
Ngo-Agasti 15, 1977, isibonakude somsakazo i-Big Ear sase-Ohio State University sathola isignali eqinile yomsakazo omncane eyasetshenziswa kamuva ukuxhasa ukufunwa kobunhloli bangaphandle. Isiginali ibonakale ivela kumthala i-Sagittarius futhi inezimpawu ezilindelekile zemvelaphi engaphandle komhlaba. Isiginali yomsakazo ithathe imizuzwana engama-72 kuphela futhi ayikaze iphinde izwakale.
Isazi sezinkanyezi nomcwaningi weSETI, uJerry R. Ehman, wakuthola lokhu kungahambi kahle ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva ngenkathi ebukeza idatha eqoshiwe ngaphambili. Wamangala kakhulu ngomphumela wokuthi wazungeza lokho okufundwayo (6EQUJ5) kwikhompiyutha bese ubhala amazwana Hewu! ohlangothini lwayo, okuholela egameni elisetshenziswa kabanzi lomcimbi. Amanani amabili ahlukile we-Wow! Imvamisa yesiginali inikiwe: 1420.36 MHz nguJD Kraus no-1420.46 MHz nguJerry R. Ehman, womabili asondele kakhulu kunani lika-1420.41 MHz womugqa we-hydrogen, njengoba kwabikezelwa nguMorrison noCocconi.
Wow! isiginali ithathwa njengesinye sezimo zezinkanyezi ezingaqondakali kakhulu abantu abaningi abakholelwa ukuthi badlulisa umyalezo wokuxhumana ovela ku-Extraterrestrial Intelligence. Ngenkathi iqembu labaphenyi abaneCentre of Planetary Science (CPS) likuqinisekisile baqonde ku-new yabo Iphepha locwaningo le-2017 ukuthi lesi siginali eyimfihlakalo empeleni yenziwe yi-comet.
Izimo Zesiyingi Sokujikeleza:
Eminyakeni engama-27 kamuva yokuthumela i- “The Arecibo Message,” ngo-2001, lesi simo sesiyingi sezitshalo sathola ukunakekelwa okufanele lapho iphethini ngendlela yokusabela ekusakazweni kuka-1974 yavela eceleni kwesibonakude esikhulu kunazo zonke eBrithani, iChilbolton, kanye nesibukeli , ikhaya le-radar yesimo sezulu esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Ungomunye wemibuthano yezitshalo emangalisa kunazo zonke ezake zavela, noma ngabe ukholwa ukuthi kwenziwe ngabantu noma ngobunhloli bangaphandle.
Ngaphezulu isithombe salokho okubonakala kuyimpendulo yomyalezo owathunyelwa ngo-1974 yiNASA (ungabona futhi isithombe sokuqala salokhu okuthunyelwe ukuze kubhekwe kahle). Umlayezo uchaza isistimu elanga ehlukile, isithombe somthumeli njengasemlayezo wokuqala we-NASA we-Arecibo, i-DNA engeyona eyomuntu, kanye ne-antenna ye-microwave esikhundleni se-antenna yomsakazo we-wave evezwe kwesethu.
Ubuso obubona lapho buvele ezinsukwini ezintathu ngaphambi kwesithombe esingunxande. Ubuso bumele inqubo entsha ekukhiqizeni indingilizi yezitshalo, inqubo yokuhlola esetshenziselwa ukuphrinta ubuso esiqeshini sephepha. Yize ososayensi abakhulu bekholelwa ukuthi kubhalwe phansi njengokukhohlisa, njengemibuthano eminingi yezitshalo ingaphakathi.
Ababaningi abantu abalaziyo iqiniso lokuthi imibuthano yezitshalo yenzeka emhlabeni wonke futhi amashumi eminyaka kunezinkulungwane zemibiko maqondana nezinto ezingachazeki zombuthano wesivuno. Eminye yemiklamo yabo iyinkimbinkimbi futhi iyinkimbinkimbi kangangokuthi ibadide ngokuphelele ababukeli, abacwaningi nososayensi ngokufanayo.
Akugcini lapho, kepha nemiklamo eminingi ibuye ifakwe amandla kagesi, imvamisa ngamanothi ezinye iziqu zezitshalo eziqhunyiswe kolunye uhlangothi. Ezinye zazo zigcwele izinhlayiya ezingajwayelekile zikazibuthe. Lo mphumela uphindwe ngokushiswa kwama-microwave asendaweni kakhulu, okwenza amanzi angaphakathi kwalezo zitshalo aphefumuleke futhi akhishwe, ngaleyo ndlela ephephezela isitoko ngokuphelele ohlangothini olulodwa.
Leli qiniso seliholele ekutheni abanye ososayensi benze olunye ucwaningo ngalezi zimo, baphetha ngokuthi abenzi bokubi (abangakaze babanjwe benza umjikelezo wezitshalo, noma kuphi) basebenzisa amadivayisi e-GPS, ama-lasers, nama-microwave ukwenza lamajometri amangazayo amafomu.
Izimpawu Ezixakile Zokushesha Kwomsakazo:
Kusukela ngo-2007, abacwaningi bebelokhu bebheka ngokumangazayo esinye isignali eyinqaba noma umsindo obizwa ngokuthi I-Fast Radio Burst (I-FRB) evela ngaphandle komthala wethu kaninginingi. I-Fast Radio Bursts iqanjwe ngosuku okurekhodwe ngalo isiginali, njenge- “FRB YYMMDD”. Umsakazo wokuqala osheshayo waqhuma ukuchazwa, iLorimer Burst I-FRB 010724, yahlonzwa ngo-2007 kwimininingwane egciniwe eqoshwe yiParkes Observatory ngomhla ka-24 Julayi 2001.
Kukhona okungaphezu kwalokho Imibiko eyi-150 yobufakazi be-Fast Radio Bursts kuze kube yilolu suku kepha ochwepheshe abasondele ekutholeni kahle ukuthi kuyini - noma kuvela kuphi. Ukukubeka nje, ukutholakala kwesiginali kuyafana nokuzwa ukuqhuma okukhulu bese ujika ungatholi lutho. AmaStargazers asele ngaphandle kwemikhondo futhi awazi nokuthi umsindo uvelaphi.
Imibono Emuva Kwe-Fast Radio Burst (FRB):
Kunemibono yokuthi ukuqhuma kuvela ezinkanyezini ezinkulu ze-neutron ezikhipha imisebe emikhulu, ebizwa ama-pulsars, noma kungenzeka ukuthi zivela emigodini emnyama noma ezinkanyezini ze-neutron ezinamandla amakhulu kazibuthe. Ngenkathi, abacwaningi baseHarvard bephakamise ukuthi la ma-FRB adalwa ukuvakasha komkhathi wangaphandle noma ubuchwepheshe obuphambili be-alien. Kepha kunethemba lokuthi kungaba impilo yomfokazi ukuzama ukuxhumana naye.
Isignali Engajwayelekile Evela KuRoss 128:
NgoMeyi 12, 2017, abacwaningi e-Arecibo Observatory babone izimpawu eziyimfihlakalo ezivela I-Ross 128, inkanyezi ebomvu ebomvu etholakala cishe eminyakeni eyi-11 yokukhanya kude noMhlaba. Inkanyezi icishe ifiphalaze izikhathi ezingama-2,800 15 kunelanga futhi ayikaziwa njengamanje ukuthi inamaplanethi, futhi iyinkanyezi ye-XNUMX esondele kakhulu kwiLanga.
Ngokwemibiko, inkanyezi ibhekwe imizuzu eyishumi, ngalesi sikhathi umsakazo we-wide band "wawucishe ube khona ngezikhathi ezithile" futhi wehla kaningi. Awekho lawa masignali atholakele ezifundweni ezalandela ezalandelwa ngu-Arecibo, kanti abanye baphakamise ukuthi amasiginali empeleni enziwa ukuphazanyiswa kwemvamisa yomsakazo kusuka kusathelayithi yokufakelwa ezungeza uMhlaba, kanti impikiswano iyaqhubeka.
Isignali Engajwayelekile Ephinda Njalo Ezinsukwini Ezingu-16.35:
Iqembu labacwaningi baseCanada lisanda kuthola isignali yomsakazo engaqondakali evela emthaleni osendaweni engama-light-years ayizigidi ezingama-500 ephinda njalo ngesikhathi esiyizinsuku eziyi-16.35. Futhi akekho owaziyo namanje ngokuqinisekile ukuthi kubangelwa yini.
Isiphetho:
Ezimweni ezinjalo ezingavamile, ngaphansi kwezimo ezingaqondakali, ukuthatha yonke into ngombono ojwayelekile kuyisici sethu sokuzalwa. Ngale ndlela, sizama kakhulu ukukholisa abanye futhi kwesinye isikhathi thina ngokwethu. Ngakho-ke, ucabangani ngalezi zimpawu zesikhala sangaphandle esingajwayelekile izenzakalo?? Zizwe ukhululekile ukwabelana ngemibono yakho ebalulekile ebhokisini lokuphawula elingezansi.
