Iingcali zenzululwazi kudala zikholelwa ukuba iNyanga yenziwa ngobutyobo obushiye ngasemva emva kokuba isijikelezi-langa esilingana noMars esibizwa ngokuba yiTheia (ekwabizwa ngokuba yi “Thea”) singqubane noMhlaba. Lo mnyhadala wentlekele wamkelwa ngokubanzi njengeyona ngcaciso iphambili yendlela uMhlaba uyifumene ngayo isathelayithi, kodwa kuninzi esingakwaziyo ngalo mzuzu uguqukayo kwimbali yeplanethi yethu.
Xa oosomajukujuku baka-Apollo bahlola umphezulu wenyanga, bafumana amatye amaninzi angaqhelekanga awayebonakala engekho. La maqhekeza angama-angular aziwa ngokuba ngamatye e-"blue-loop" ngenxa yombala wawo oluhlaza-luhlaza owahlukileyo kunye nenkangeleko ejikelezileyo xa ejongwe phantsi kokwandiswa.
La matye angaqhelekanga afunyanwa okokuqala eNyangeni ngoosomajukujuku ngexesha le-Apollo 14 mission ngo-1971. Kodwa ukuba ziyintoni kanye kanye, kunye nalapho zivela khona, zihlala ziyimfihlelo.
NgoJanuwari ka-2019, izazinzulu zaseOstreliya zafumanisa into eyothusayo, zityhila ukuba ilitye lelitye elibuyiswe ngabasebenzi be-Apollo 14 lokufika kwenyanga eneneni livela eMhlabeni.
Izazinzulu zatsho kwinqaku elipapashwe kwiphephancwadi elithi Earth and Planetary Science Letters ukuba iliwa lisenokuba yinxalenye yobutyobo obuphoswe enyangeni busuka eMhlabeni ngenxa yokuntlitheka kweasteroid kunye neplanethi yethu kwiibhiliyoni zeminyaka eyadlulayo.
Iingqalutye zaqokelelwa ngexesha lemishini ye-Apollo 14, eyasungulwa ngo-1971 kwaye yayiyimishini yesithathu yendawo yokuhlala ngempumelelo enyangeni. U-Alan Shepard, uStuart Roosa, kunye no-Edgar Mitchell bachitha iintsuku ezininzi bejikeleza inyanga besenza imifuniselo yenzululwazi kunye noqwalaselo, ngelixa uShepard noMitchell bathathe inxaxheba kuhambo lweeyure ezingama-33 kumphezulu wenyanga.
Ukongeza, oosomajukujuku babuye ne-42kg yamatye. Le ngqokelela yenkunkuma yenyanga iye yasinika ubutyebi bolwazi malunga nokwakheka kunye nokuvela kwenyanga.
Uphononongo lwakutsha nje lwezinye zezi zinto, nangona kunjalo, lubonise ukuba ubuncinane elinye lamatye enyanga aqokelelwa nguShepard noMitchell anokuba aqala eMhlabeni.
Ngokutsho kukaNjingalwazi uAlexander Nemchin weCurtin University's School of Earth and Planetary Sciences eNtshona Ostreliya, indlela elinye lamatye enyanga elixutywe ngayo lifana kakhulu negranite, enequartz eninzi ngaphakathi. Nangona i-quartz ixhaphake eMhlabeni, kunzima kakhulu ukuyifumana enyangeni.
Ngapha koko, izazinzulu zavavanya i-zircon equlethwe etyeni, iminerali eyeqela le-neo-silicates ekhoyo kuMhlaba kunye neNyanga. Baye baqaphela ukuba i-zircon echongiweyo kwilitye ihambelana neefom zomhlaba kodwa akukho nto ifunyenwe ngaphambili kwizinto zenyanga. Izazinzulu zafumanisa ukuba ilitye liphuhliswe kwindawo ene-oxidizing, enokuthi inqabe kakhulu enyangeni.
Ngokuka Nemchin, olu qwalaselo lunika ubungqina obubambekayo bokuba ilitye alidalwanga enyangeni, kodwa lisuka eMhlabeni. Akazange ayikhabe ingcamango yokuba eli litye lavela phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo okwexeshana enyangeni, kodwa wagqiba kwelokuba oku kwakungenakwenzeka.
Endaweni yoko, abaphandi bacebise enye indlela eyahlukileyo. Bacinga ukuba ilitye latshintshelwa enyangeni emva kokudalwa kwalo, okunokwenzeka ngenxa yempembelelo ye-asteroid kunye noMhlaba kwiibhiliyoni zeminyaka eyadlulayo.
Ngokwalo mbono, i-asteroid yangqubana noMhlaba kwiibhiliyoni zeminyaka eyadlulayo, ikhupha inkunkuma kunye namatye kwi-orbit, amanye awo ahlala enyangeni.
Lo mbono uya kuchaza ukuba kutheni iliwa libonakala linemichiza ehambelana neemeko zeplanethi yeplanethi kuneemeko zeplanethi yenyanga. Ikwavumelana neenkolelo malunga nohlobo loqhushumbo olwathi lwatshintsha uMhlaba kwiibhiliyoni zeminyaka eyadlulayo.
Ngokutsho kweengcali ezininzi, i-asteroids kunye neemeteorites zinokuthi zibethe uMhlaba ngexesha lezigaba zokuqala zophuhliso, ezibangela ukuphazamiseka okukhulu kumphezulu wawo.
Ngaphaya koko, kucingelwa ukuba inyanga ibisondele ngokuphindwe kathathu kuMhlaba ngeli xesha, nto leyo eyenza ukuba kube nokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba inyanga ibe nefuthe kububutyobo obubhabhayo ngenxa yolu ngquzulwano.
Ukuba le ngcamango ichanekile, iliwa elibuyiswe ngabasebenzi baka-Apollo 14 lelinye lawona matye amadala asemhlabeni awakhe afunyanwa. Uhlalutyo lweZircon lubeke iminyaka yelitye malunga ne-4 yezigidigidi zeminyaka, iyenza ibencinci kunekristale ye-zircon efumaneka kwiNtshona yeOstreliya njengelona litye lidala elaziwayo loMhlaba.
La matye amandulo angabonakala emancinci, amatye anqabileyo, kodwa anamandla okutshintsha ulwazi lwethu ngezigaba zokuqala zobukho boMhlaba.
Ngaphezulu, le yayiyimbono eqhelekileyo yenzululwazi eqhelekileyo. Kodwa kukho ukubanjwa okungaqhelekanga kolu kufunyanisiweyo. Ngokutsho kwezinye i-theorists, ilitye alizange lifike kwinyanga ngokwemvelo, kodwa ngeendlela ezithile zokwenziwa. Babanga oku, bekholelwa kwi Silurian hypothesis.
I-hypothesis ye-Silurian ngokusisiseko idlulisela ukuba abantu ayizizo iifom zobomi zokuqala eziye zavela kwiplanethi yethu kwaye ukuba bekukho ama-antecedents kwi-100 lezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo, phantse bonke ubungqina bazo ngebelahlekile ngoku.
Ukucacisa, umbhali wefiziksi kunye nophando-mbhali uAdam Frank wathi kwisiqwenga saseAtlantiki, "Akuqhelekanga ukuba upapashe iphepha elinikezela ngengcinga ongayixhasiyo." Ngamanye amazwi, abakholelwa kubukho bempucuko yakudala yeeNkosi zeXesha kunye nabantu beLizard. Kunoko, injongo yabo kukufumanisa indlela esinokubufumana ngayo ubungqina bempucuko yakudala kwizijikelezi-langa ezikude.
Kusenokubonakala kusengqiqweni ukuba sinokubona ubungqina bempucuko enjalo - emva koko, iidayinaso zazikho kwiminyaka eli-100 lezigidi eyadlulayo, kwaye siyakwazi oku kuba amathambo azo afunyenwe. Babekho, nangona kunjalo, malunga ne-150 yezigidi zeminyaka.
Ibalulekile loo nto kuba ayikokuba madala okanye ububanzi bamabhodlo ale mpucuko yentelekelelo. Ikwamalunga nokuba kudala kangakanani ikhona. Uluntu luye lwanda kwihlabathi lonke ngexesha elifutshane ngokumangalisayo - malunga neminyaka eyi-100,000.
Ukuba olunye uhlobo lwenze okufanayo, amathuba ethu okuyifumana kwingxelo yokwakheka komhlaba ebeya kuba mancinane kakhulu. Uphando olwenziwa nguFrank kunye nombhali-mbhali weclimatologist uGavin Schmidt lujolise ekuchongeni iindlela zokubona impucuko yexesha elinzulu.
Ke, ngaba ezo theory zichanekile? Ngaba oku kunokwenzeka ukuba malunga ne-4 yezigidigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo, impucuko ephucukileyo njengathi yaphumelela kulo mhlaba kwaye bakwazi ukuphembelela umphezulu wenyanga. Siyazi ukuba uMhlaba uqikelelwa ukuba uneminyaka eyi-4.54 yezigidigidi ubudala, kodwa olu luqikelelo nje, akukho mntu unokugqiba ngokuthe ngqo ukuba wadalwa nini uMhlaba, kwaye zingaphi iimpucuko eziye zazibonela kwimbali yayo.
