Umqokeleli we-avocational surface ufumene ikrele le-votive yaseTshayina emva kweengcambu kwibhanki ekhukhulayo yomlambo omncinci eGeorgia ngoJulayi 2014. uluhlu olwandayo lwezinto zakudala zaseTshayina ezibonakala zingekho ndawo ezibonisa uhambo lwaseTshayina oluya kuMntla Melika ngexesha langaphambi kweColumbian.
Ikrele elimangalisayo ichongiwe njengenziwe ngeLizardite kwaye ineempawu ezibonisa ukuba indala kakhulu. Uvavanyo lwexesha elizayo luya kuseka ngethemba uhlobo lwamatye kwaye lubonise umthombo, njengoko iidiphozithi zeLizardite zikhona kwi-hemispheres esempuma nasentshona.
Iimpendulo zokuba ngubani, kwaye njani imibuzo azikaziwa. Iinzame zokusebenzisa iiprothokholi zovavanyo lwe-thermoluminescence ukuchonga ukuba umhlaba kwindawo yokuxhwilwa ugqibele nini ukuvela elangeni uye wathintelwa kuba kufunyaniswe ukuba umhlaba uphazanyisiwe.
Kusekho indawana encinci yezinto ezingaziwayo ezincamathele kwincakuba enokwamkeleka kwi-radiocarbon dating, kunye namacandelo akhethiweyo onyuso olungaphezulu anokunika ulwazi oluluncedo.
Isimboli saseTshayina
Iisimboli ezahlukeneyo kunye nohlobo lwekrele, zombini ezo zifumaneka kwizinto zakudala ze-jade ezivela kwi-Xia (2070-1600 BC), i-Shang (1600-1046 BC), kunye neZhou Dynasties, azikho ngqiqweni (1046-256 BC). I-Shang Dynasty imelwe yi-dragon motif ejikeleza icandelo eliphezulu lencakuba, njengesithsaba esineentsiba.
Imaski yobuso bukaTaotie kumlindi wekrele kunye nesibambo ekuqaleni yenzeka ngexesha lempucuko yaseLiangzhu (3400-2250 BC), nangona idla ngokufunyanwa ngexesha leShang kunye neZhou. (Incoko yobuqu noSiu-Leung Lee, Ph.D., kunye nomsebenzi oza kupapashwa kungekudala.)
Ubukho bexesha le-Shang lokuxilonga, kunye nokufana kweTaotie kwimifanekiso ye-Mesoamerican Olmec w ere-jaguar, kunika izibonakaliso zexesha lenziwe ngekrele kunye noluhlu lwexesha elinzima lokuba lifike nini eGeorgia.
IsiTshayina-unxibelelwano lwe-Olmec?
Phantse inkulungwane, abaphengululi bebephikisana ngokufana kwentsomi yamaTshayina neOlmec nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo. Mhlawumbi akuyongozi ukuba impucuko ye-Olmec iqale malunga ne-1500 BC, ekuqaleni kweShang Dynasty, kwaye imbali yokuqala erekhodiweyo yaseTshayina iqala.
Kwaphawula ukuqala kweXesha loBronze, nto leyo eyaphumela kwimisebenzi emihle yobugcisa yobhedu, iinqwelo zokulwa zobhedu, kunye nezixhobo. Ngeli xesha, umlingiswa wokuqala waseTshayina wabonakala, kunye neenkqubo ezinkulu zokunkcenkceshela kunye nezinye iiprojekthi zemisebenzi yoluntu, zonke ezibonisa uluntu oluphucukileyo kunye nophuhliso.
Ikwangumzuzwana kwinkcubeko yamaTshayina xa ijeyidi yayixabiseke ngaphezu kwegolide, kunye nolawulo lweOlmec, olwalunemigodi yejade kwindawo ngoku ebizwa ngokuba yiHonduras neGuatemala, baziva ngendlela efanayo.
Kungenzeka ukuba i-Olmec, ngexesha labo eliPhakathi le-Formative (900-300 BC), yoyisa iingxaki zokubumba kunye nokubhoboza i-Jade (ilitye elinzima kangangokuba alinakuphathwa ngezixhobo zentsimbi) kwiincinci ezincinci zokuhombisa kunye nevotive kunye nezixhobo ezinqabileyo. .
Ungqamaniso phakathi kobugcisa baseTshayina kunye ne-Olmec buyamangalisa, kwaye uthelekiso olubalaseleyo lunokufumaneka kwi-Art and Ritual in Early Chinese and Mesoamerican Cultures, Santiago Gonzalez Villajos, 2009.
Ukuqaliswa okunokubakho kweengcinga zaseTshayina zolawulo kunye nokuhlelwa, kunye nenkolo yabo kunye neempawu, kube nefuthe kwi-Olmec kunye nezizwe eziphumelelayo zaseMesoamerican. Yayisisiganeko esasiza kwenziwa ngenkulungwane ye-16 xa abefundisi baseSpeyin bawela elunxwemeni bephethe umnqamlezo wamaKristu.
Ikrele lafika njani eGeorgia? Ezinye izinto ezinokwenzeka:
Ezi mpawu zintsha zenkcubeko ye-Olmec zaqala ukusasazeka kulo mmandla ukusuka kwi-900 BC. Kukho ubungqina obubambekayo bokuba aba sisiseko samanye amaqela enkcubeko awayephila ngelo xesha nawexesha elizayo, njengamaMaya.
Iinkolelo ezibalulekileyo ze-Olmec zahlala kulo lonke ixesha lokunqoba kwenkulungwane ye-16, nangona kunjalo, zatshintshwa ziinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ukwanelisa iimfuno zasekhaya kunye nohlengahlengiso ngokuhamba kwexesha. Okothusayo kukuba, eminye yale migaqo midala, njengokulinywa kombona, isenziwa namhlanje ngabantu bomthonyama baseMesoamerican.
Oku kusasazeka kucingelwa ukuba kwenzeke ngenxa yothungelwano lwentengiso yomhlaba we-Olmec kunye nonxweme lwaselwandle oluzisa iimveliso zorhwebo ezisisiseko nezingaqhelekanga.
Umba onomdla wale nto yenkcubeko, kwaye kutheni igxininiswa, kukuba iqala malunga ne-900 BC xa i-Olmec yaqala ukuvelisa izinto zakudala zeJade, njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili.
Ukusasazwa kwezitywina zokuprinta ezisicaba kunye ne-cylindrical, itekhnoloji eyenzeka kuqala kwirekhodi ye-artifact yaseMesoamerica kunye ne-Olmec, ngumzekeliso wejografi yolu sasazeka kwenkcubeko. Ukushicilela amatywina aqala ukuvela eTshayina ngexesha leShang Dynasty.
Izithethe ze-Olmec zasasazeka ngasentla
Ngo-800 BC, amatywina ayesetyenziswa kumantla oMzantsi Melika, malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-1700 ezantsi kwe-Olmec heartland, kunye nomgama olinganayo kumantla we-Adena Culture (800 BC-1 AD) kuMntla Melika kwiNtlambo yoMlambo iOhio. Ayisiyiyo kuphela itekhnoloji yokushicilela eya e-Ohio, kodwa ngokunjalo nobugcisa be-Olmec.
Lo mbhali ubhaqe amaqabane anesimbo sendawo ethe nkqo ebonisa uMthi weHlabathi kwingingqi yeLake Chalco kumazantsi eSixeko saseMexico sanamhlanje kunye naseVeracruz kunxweme lweGulf kumzamo wokufunda ongapapashwanga kwithebhulethi ye-Adena eboniswe ngezantsi.
Ubukho bamatywina ekuqaleni kokwakhiwa kwenduli ye-Adena yempucuko, kunye nobunye ubungqina obuninzi kakhulu ukuba buchazwe kwesi sincoko sincinci, bucebisa ukuba iqela elineempembelelo laseMesoamerican lafika kulo mmandla kwaye latshintsha inkcubeko yabemi bendawo.
Ukubuyela eGeorgia. Ngo-1685, uCharles de Rochefort kwiingxelo zakhe malunga nama-Apalachites ahlala kumazwe akumzantsi-mpuma weMelika ngenkulungwane ye-17, ubhala athi, "I-Thefe Apalachites iyahamba, ukuba isasaze iiKoloni ezithile kude kakhulu ukuya eMexico: Kwaye baqhubeka nanamhlanje indlela enkulu yomhlaba, apho baqinisekisa ukuba imikhosi yabo yangena kwezo ndawo ... elo lizwe labathiya igama elithi Tlatuici, elithetha abantu abanyuka iintaba okanye abasezintabeni.”
"Aba bantu [Apalachites] banonxibelelwano noLwandle lweNyoba enkulu yaseMexico okanye iNew Spain, ngoMlambo uthi iRochefort," ...abantu baseSpain bawubize lo mlambo iRiu del Spirito Santo” [Umlambo iMississippi].
Ngelixa iziphumo zikaRochefort zisusela emva kweXesha lokuNqoba, zigxininisa inkalo yejografi ekhe ingahoywa okanye ijongelwe phantsi kwimbali yaseMntla Melika.
Iimpucuko ezininzi ezihlala kwindawo ngoku eyiGeorgia kunye namanye amazwe asemdeni weGulf of Mexico, kunye neziqithi zeCaribbean, iMexico, kunye noMzantsi Merika, zaziyinxalenye yommandla weCaribbean apho wonke umntu wayesazi abamelwane bakhe.
Ngenxa yoko, kunengqiqo ukugqiba ngelithi kungenxa yoko le nto iinkundla zebhola kunye neebhola zerabha zinokufunyanwa kuzo zombini ilizwe laseMesoamerica kunye neZiqithi zeCaribbean.
Ngaphaya koko, i-Olmec kunye neMaya zazineqela leenqanawa ezinkulu ezihamba elwandle ezihamba emanzini onxweme lweGulf, kunye nesakhiwo sokwenza izinto eziyimfuneko kumaziko amakhulu esixeko esinoxinano lwabemi oluthelekiswa nezixeko ezinkulu zanamhlanje.
Ngokomzekelo, ityuwa, eyona nto ibalulekileyo ukuze iphile kweleenjiko, yayithuthwa ngamashumi amawaka eitoni ngenyanga isuka kwiindawo ezivelisa ityuwa eYucatan isiya kumazibuko aziwayo emilambo asusela kuNxweme lwaseHonduran Moskito ukusa eTampico, eMexico.
Ngaphandle kokuba namava amanzi kwaye anobungozi kumaza anzima asuka kuNxweme lwaseMoskito kungekho zigcini zobomi, ndingaqinisekisa ukusuka kuhambo oluphindaphindiweyo ukuba uyilo lwelog ye-dugout lusebenza kakuhle kakhulu.
Ngaphandle kweenjini ze-Yamaha ezingaphandle, ezi nqanawa, ezingakhange zitshintshe kwimveliso okanye ukuyila ukususela eMaya, ziyaqhubeka nokuhambisa iitoni ze-50-gallon drums zamafutha, ukutya kunye nabantu ngaphakathi kweHonduran.
Impucuko yaseTaino egqwesileyo, eyasuka eVenezuela malunga ne-400 BC, kunye neeCaribes zazinobuchule obulinganayo bokuhamba kulwandle lweGulf of Mexico kwi-Greater Antilles.
UChristopher Columbus urekhoda amangeno amaninzi kwilogi yakhe yeenqanawa ezinkulu zaseTaino ezipakishwe iimpahla zorhwebo kunye nabakhweli, ukusuka kubude ukuya kwi-40 ukuya kwi-79 iinyawo. Okubaluleke ngakumbi, ukungena kwakhe kwelogi kubonisa ukuba iTaino yayiyazi iCalusa eFlorida kunye namaMaya eYucatan.
Konke oku kubonisa ukuba iinkcubeko zommandla we-Caribbean, nangona kumaxesha amandulo, zadibaniswa namanzi kunye neendlela zomhlaba, ezibonelela ngenkcazo enokwenzeka yendlela ikrele kunye ne-pendants ezimbini ze-Olmec-style zafika eGeorgia.
Ngoko, ngaba amaTshayina ayeseGeorgia?
Into ngokwayo iyinxalenye yesisombululo. Kuya kufuneka uzibuze ukuba kutheni umntu ephethe ikrele leVotive, elichazwa njengento “ukubonisa isibhambathiso, umnqweno, okanye umnqweno wonqulo: onikelwa okanye owenziwe njengembonakaliso yokubulela okanye yokuzinikela kuThixo”, ukuba babengengowaseTshayina.
Okwesibini, ikrele ayisiyiyo kuphela into yokuchonga yaseTshayina efunyenwe apho. UGqr. Lee, ingcali yaseTshayina, wathi ezinye izinto ezimbini zamandulo zaseTshayina ziye zafunyanwa mva nje kuhambo lweeyure ezimbini ukusuka kwindawo yekrele. Uceba ukuquka ezi zinto kwimpapasho yexesha elizayo. Kukwakho nenani elimangalisayo lezinto zakudala zaseTshayina ezongezelelweyo, i-rock art calligraphy, kunye neempawu ezifunyenwe kumazantsi eMelika.
Ngelishwa, akukaze kubonakale kukho iinyani ezaneleyo zokufikelela kwisigqibo esicacileyo nesingenakuphikisana ukuba wonke umntu unokuvumelana xa kufikwa kwimiba yembali kunye ne-archeological. Ngoko, ngeli xesha, umbuzo Ngaba amaTshayina ebeseGeorgia? inokuphendulwa kuphela ewe xa kukho ubungqina obaneleyo bokudlula “iNdawo yokuKholeka” yomntu.
Ingcinga yokugqibela
Malunga neminyaka engama-90 ngaphambi kokuba uColumbus aqale ahambe ngesikhephe kulwandle lweCaribbean, amaTshayina akwaMing athumela iiflotillas ezazikhokelwa nguAdmiral Zheng He kuhambo oluninzi oluya kwimimandla engqonge uLwandlekazi lwaseIndiya ukuya kufumana izinto ezithengiswayo nezimbiwa.
Uhambo lokuqala lwe-Admiral lwalubandakanya iinqanawa ezimalunga ne-185:
I-baoshan engama-62 okanye engama-63 okanye “iinqanawa zobuncwane” zenzelwe uhambo lokuqala, i-440′-538′ ubude nge-210′ ububanzi, imigangatho emine, iimasti ezilithoba, ukushenxisa uqikelelo lweetoni ezingama-20-30,000, malunga ne-1/3 ukuya kwi-1/2 ukufuduswa kwesikhululo senqwelomoya sangoku.
I-Machuan okanye "iinqanawa zamahashe", 340' ubude nge-138′ ububanzi, iimasti ezi-8, ezithwele amahashe, amaplanga okulungisa, kunye nempahla yerhafu.
Liangchuan okanye "iinqanawa eziziinkozo". 257′ ubude nge-115′ ububanzi, iimasti ezisi-7, zithwele iinkozo zabasebenzi namajoni.
IZuochuan okanye “iinqanawa zomkhosi, ezingama-220 ubude ngama-84′ ububanzi, iimasti ezintandathu.
Iinqanawa zemfazwe zaseZhanchuan, 165′ ubude, iimasti ezi-5.
27-28,000 kuqikelelwa oomatiloshe, amajoni, abaguquleli, kunye nabasebenzi basenqanaweni.
