Unyaka nonyaka, abaphandi baseAntarctica bafumanisa amaqhina angaqondakaliyo akhwankqisa ababhali-mbali nabembi bezinto zakudala. Ukusuka kumarhe iiphiramidi ezintathu ezifana neephiramidi zaseGiza kumakhulu ezinto ezingaqhelekanga ezibonwe yimifanekiso yesathelayithi, i-Antarctica iseyeyona ndawo ityelelwa kancinci kwihlabathi.
Ayimangalisi loo nto kuba yeyona ndawo ikwanti kuyo nayiphi na impucuko yabantu kwaye ingcwatywe ngaphantsi kweekhilomitha ezintathu zomkhenkce, okanye malunga neekhilomitha ezintlanu. Yeyona ndawo ibanda kakhulu, inde, inomoya, neyomileyo emhlabeni, eyenza ukugrumba kwezinto zakudala kunye nophando kube nzima ngaphandle kotyalo-mali lwezigidi zeedola. Ayimangalisi into yokuba sisazi kancinci ngayo.
Antarctica - iparadesi eshushu
Okuncinci esikwaziyo ngayo, kwelinye icala, iyaxaka njengakuqala. Ngokweerekhodi zefosili, i-Antarctica yayiyiparadesi etshisayo kwizigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo, igutyungelwe ngamahlathi ashinyeneyo, amahlathi, amachibi, izityalo kunye nazo zonke iintlobo zeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Oku kukhokelele abantu abaninzi ukuba bagqibe kwelokuba, ngaxa lithile kwixesha elidlulileyo, I-Antarctica yayilikhaya leyona mpucuko indala emhlabeni, kwaye zonke izinto ezifunyanisiweyo ezingaqhelekanga ezenziwe apho zizikhumbuzo zobukho bayo kuphela. Ewe, izazinzulu azikwazi ukumba iikhilomitha ezintathu zomkhenkce kwaye ziphande ngokucokisekileyo, kodwa ngaba oko kuthetha ukuba akukho mntu waziyo ukuba yintoni engaphantsi komkhenkce? Ngokucacileyo akunjalo!
I-Antarctica kunye nemephu yePiri Reis
Ngasekupheleni kowe-1929, umfundisi wezakwalizwi waseJamani owayesebenza eIstanbul, eTurkey, wafumana ufele lwebhadi olunemaphu ezoba kulo. Imephu yenziwa yaza yatyobelwa ngowe-1513 ngumlawuli waseOttoman nomzobi weemaphu ogama linguAhmed Muhiddin Piri, owathi kamva waziwa ngokuba nguPiri Reis.
Umzobo wemephu woMntla noMzantsi Merika ngokweenkcukacha wawumangalisa ngandlel’ ithile. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba iMelika yafunyanwa kwiminyaka engama-21 ngaphambili, ayizange icwangciswe ngokucacileyo de kube kamva. Ngenxa yoko, imephu kaPiri Reis yeyona mephu yokuqala eneenkcukacha zaseMelika esekho. Imephu ide yaquka iintaba zeAndes, ezathi zafunyanwa nguFrancisco Pizarro kwiminyaka eli-14 kamva.
Inyani yokuba IPiri Reis Imephu yabonisa ilizwekazi lase-Antarctica, kwaye ayisiyiyo loo nto kuphela kodwa yabonisa ngaphambi kokuba ingcwatywe emkhenkceni, iingcali ezikhwankqisayo. Akukho mntu unokuchaza ukuba kwakunokwenzeka njani oku, kuba i-Antarctica yafunyanwa ngo-1820 kwaye yayisele igutyungelwe ngumkhenkce.
Kuyabonakala ukuba, uPiri Reis akazange enze imaphu yedwa. Endaweni yoko, wasebenzisa ithala leencwadi elikhulu laseConstantinople, ngoku elalisezandleni zamaOttoman. Apho, wafumanisa iimephu ezininzi zakudala ezivela kwimpucuko yamandulo njengamaJiphutha, amaGrike, namaIndiya, kunye neminye imithombo emithandathu angazange afune ukuyiveza uPiri Reis. Akukacaci ukuba ezi mpucuko zalufumana phi ulwazi lwendawo yeAntarctica xa yayingagqunywanga ngumkhenkce, kwaye ngoobani eminye imithombo emithandathu.
Abantu abaninzi bacinga ukuba ezi mpucuko zifunde oku kwimvelaphi yakudala. Imithombo eshiywe yinto enokuba yimpucuko yokuqala yomhlaba. Impucuko eyayihlala e-Antarctica xa kwakungekho mkhenkce kwaye ilizwekazi lalifudumele kwaye liphila ubomi kunye nezityalo.
Nokuba sicinga ukuba oomatiloshe bahambe kunxweme lwaseMelika, eAfrika, naseAntarctica ukuya kuzibhala, imephu yePiri Reis ifanele ukubonisa kuphela iimpawu zonxweme. Nangona kunjalo, imephu ibonisa iintaba, imilambo, kunye neendawo ezinzulu zomhlaba ongenakukwazi ukuzifumana ngaphandle kophando olubanzi.
Kwaba ngo-2004 kunye no-2007 apho uphononongo olucokisekileyo lwe-sonar radar lwe-Antarctica lwenziwa, ukuskena iimpawu zembonakalo yendawo engaphantsi komkhenkce. Okumangalisayo kukuba, zonke ezi zinto phantsi komkhenkce zaboniswa kwimephu yePiri Reis.
Abantu abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba imephu ingqina ukuba uluntu lwakudala olukrelekrele lwalukho kwizigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo kwaye lufanekisela i-Antarctica, okanye unxibelelwano lwangaphandle lunike abantu bakudala olu lwazi.
Nokuba imeko ithini na, asinakuze sazi ukuba yintoni ehleli phantsi kweemayile ezintathu zomkhenkce e-Antarctica, kodwa mhlawumbi akuyomfuneko ukuba sijonge phantsi komkhenkce. Kuthekani ukuba endaweni yoko sijonga umgangatho wolwandle okufuphi nonxweme? Yintoni esinokuyifumanisa apho?
I-antenna ye-Eltanin
I-USNS Eltanin, inqanawa yophando lwe-oceanographic ephucukileyo yetekhnoloji, yakhiwa yiNational Science Foundation yase-United States ngo-1962. Yayiyinqanawa yokuqala yehlabathi ye-geophysical, kwaye yayiphathiswe ukuphanda i-Antarctica kunye namanzi ayingqongileyo.
Kwiminyaka emibini elandelayo, inqanawa yazisa ubutyebi bedatha eyayingaziwa ngaphambili kwaye yasinika ukukhanya okukhulu ekuqondeni kwethu ummandla. Kwakukho, nangona kunjalo, iimfihlelo ezimbalwa ezafunyanwa enzulwini yolwandle.
Ngomhla wama-29 ku-Agasti, 1964, i-USNS Eltanin yayifota umgangatho wolwandle osentshona ye-Cape Horn kubunzulu obuphantse bube ziikhilomitha ezi-3 xa kwafunyanwa eyona mfihlelo inkulu ye-Antarctica. Oko bakufumanisayo kwabamangalisa. Bakwazile ukufota isakhiwo esingaqhelekanga simi kumbindi wendawo ekumazantsi olwandle.
Isakhiwo sasiyi-2 ubude ubude, silinganisa, kwaye sasinamaqhuqhuva, ii-spokes, kunye neeprotrusions eziphela kwi-node ye-spherical. Kwakubonakala ngathi yi-eriyali okanye uhlobo oluthile lwesidluliseli somqondiso.
Izazinzulu nabaphandi bothuka xa le mifanekiso yapapashwa okokuqala kwiNew Zealand Herald ngoDisemba 5, 1964, kwinqaku elalinomxholo othi. "Umfanekiso wePuzzle okwibhedi yolwandle."
Inqaku lifundeka ngolu hlobo: “Inqanawa yophando yaseMelika i-Eltanin ingene eAuckland izolo inomfanekiso ongaqondakaliyo othathwe kwiifathom ezingama-2250 kwiimayile ezingama-1000 entshona ye-Cape Horn. Ifoto, ebonisa umntu nje oqhelekileyo into efana nenqwelomoya entsonkothileyo ephuma ezantsi eludakeni, yathathwa ngoAgasti 29 yikhamera ekwinkwili.” Kangangeminyaka, le nto ingacacanga yayixoxwa ngomdla kwaye kwaxoxwa ngayo, nto leyo eyayibangela imfihlelo yento ebizwa ngokuba yintsomi. "I-Antenna ye-Eltanin."
Yintoni i-antenna ye-Eltanin?
Abantu abaninzi babecinga ukuba yinto engaphandle kwendawo yempucuko yakudala eyayihlala kwilizwekazi elingenamkhenkce lase-Antarctica. Bacinga ukuba le mpucuko ishiye izinto zakudala ezingenakubalwa kunye neentsalela zesakhiwo ngaphantsi kweekhilomitha ezi-3 zomkhenkce ogubungela ilizwekazi ngoku. Ngenxa yokuba ulwandle olukufutshane neAntarctica ikuphela komzantsi ongagqunywanga ngumkhenkce, sinokubufumana ubungqina bobukho bawo apho.
Abanye baye baqhubela phambili, bekholelwa ukuba into entsonkothileyo yayiluhlobo oluthile lwetekhnoloji yangaphandle ebekwe ngenjongo kwindawo ekude neyodwa ukuhambisa imiqondiso yonxibelelwano lwangaphandle kwaye mhlawumbi nemephu yeplanethi.
Ngo-1968, umbhali uBrad Steiger wathi kwinqaku leSaga Magazine ukuba u-Eltanin wayefota. “umatshini owothusayo… ufana kakhulu nomnqamlezo phakathi kwe-eriyali ye-TV kunye ne-eriyali ye-telemetry”.
Ngaba i-Eltanin Antenna sisipontshi saselwandle?
Kakade ke, iingcali zazizimisele ukukukhanyela oko kufunyenweyo, zisithi sisipontshi esingaphantsi kolwandle. Baye bachaza ukuba umfanekiso obonisiweyo ngowe uCladorhiza concrescence, isiponji saselwandle esivela kwi Cladorhizidae intsapho.
Le ngcamango ineziphene ezininzi. I-eriyali ebizwa ngokuba yi-Eltanin, umzekelo, i-geometrical ngokugqithiseleyo kwaye ineengelosi ezicacileyo kunye neefom, ezingenakuchazwa ngezipontshi zaselwandle ezifaniswa nazo. Omnye umba ngale ngcamango kukuba i-concrescence kaCladorhiza ihlala kwiikholoni kwaye ivelisa ngokukhawuleza.
Ezi ntlobo zaselwandle zizala ngokungafaniyo, kunye nenxalenye encinci yesiponji siqhawula kwaye sibuyele ezantsi, senza izinto eziphilayo eziphantse zifane kwaye ekugqibeleni zibe yikoloni epheleleyo. Akuzange kufunyanwe into efanayo phantsi kolwandle kuba into yayimi yodwa.
Umba wesithathu ngowokuba umfanekiso osuka e-Eltanin wafunyanwa kubunzulu obuziikhilomitha ezi-2.5 kanye (iikhilomitha ezi-4). Kobo bunzulu, akukho kukhanya kwelanga kunokufikelela kumhlaba wolwandle, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ubukho beziponji zaselwandle okanye izityalo bungafane kwenzeke. UGqr. Thomas Hopkins, isazi ngebhayoloji esaziwayo saselwandle esisebenza kuphando lweplankton, ngokunjalo uyayikhaba ingcaciso yesityalo.
Ngamazwi akhe: “Inzululwazi yethu ayikabi nazo iinqwelo ezihamba ngaphantsi kwamanzi ezikwaziyo ukuhla ukuya kubunzulu obunjalo; Ngoko ke, akukho mntu emhlabeni, esimaziyo, owayenokusibeka esi sixhobo ngaphandle kweCape Horn…”
Okubangela umdla kukuba, singafumana i-petroglyph endala ukusuka kwi-6000 BC e-Utah's Sego Canyon, emele into efana kakhulu ne-eriyali ye-Eltanin. Ngaba oku kuthetha ukuba i-eriyali ibisemhlabeni iminyaka engaphezu kwama-8000? Nangona kunjalo, i-eriyali ayisiyiyo yodwa into eboniswe kwi-petroglyphs ye-Sego Canyon.
Apho, sinokujonga ezi zinto zingaqhelekanga zingengobantu. Zide kakhulu kunabantu kunye nezilwanyana ezizingqongileyo kwaye zineentloko ezingaqhelekanga nezingaqhelekanga. Ngaba ezi zidalwa ziphethe i-Antenna ye-Eltanin?
Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba inkcubeko yasemzini isijongile kwaye ihambisa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zokulinganisa iplanethi yethu? Kwaye ukuba bayakwenza, zeziphi ezinye izixhobo ezikhoyo, ezisifundelayo nezisihlolayo?
