I-Nan Madol: IsiXeko esingaqondakaliyo se-Hi-tech esakhiwe kwiminyaka eyi-14,000 eyadlulayo?

Isixeko esingaqondakaliyo saseNan Madol sisembindini woLwandlekazi lwePasifiki, ngaphezu kwe-1,000 yeekhilomitha ukusuka kunxweme olukufutshane. Simetropolis eyakhiwe embindini ongekho ndawo, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi "Venice yePasifiki."

Ukwakhiwa kwakhona kwedijithali kweNan Madol, isixeko esinqatyisiweyo esasilawulwa yiSaudeleur de kwaba ngu-1628 CE. Ifumaneka kwisiqithi sasePohnpei, eMicronesia. © Ityala loMfanekiso: National Geographic | YouTube

Contents -

I. Isixeko esikwisiqithi esimangalisayo saseNan Madol

II. Imvelaphi engaqondakaliyo kaNan Madol

III. Ibali labathakathi abangamawele

IV. Iithiyori ezilahlekileyo zelizwekazi emva kwesixeko saseNan Madol

Isixeko esikwisiqithi esimangalisayo saseNan Madol

INan Madol: Isixeko esingaqondakaliyo se-hi-tech esakhiwe kwiminyaka eyi-14,000 eyadlulayo? 1 — Isixeko samatye saseNan Madol esakhiwe ngamatye e-basalt, esizaliswe ngamasundu. Iindonga zamandulo ezazakhiwe kwiziqithi ezenziwe ngekorale ezidityaniswe yimijelo ekwichweba lasePohnpei, eMicronesia, eOceania. © Credit Credit: Dmitry Malov | Ixesha lamaphupha Iifoto zesitokhwe, i-ID: 130390044

IMicronesia lilizwe elizimeleyo laseUnited States, eliquka iYap, iChuuk, iPohnpei, kunye nemimandla yaseKosrae ecaleni kwentshona yoLwandlekazi lwePasifiki. Imimandla emine yaseMicronesia iquka iziqithi ezingama-707. Isixeko samandulo saseNan Madol sasekwa sineziqithi ezingama-92 kuso.

Isixeko esisesiqithini, esenziwe ngelitye elikhulu lebasalt, sakha sahlala abantu abali-1,000 XNUMX. Ngoku ishiywe ngokupheleleyo. Kodwa kwakutheni ukuze umntu akhe isixeko esisesiqithini ngolo hlobo kumbindi woLwandlekazi lwePasifiki? Ukuthi, kukho imiba embalwa engachazwanga yesi sixeko siyimfihlakalo eqhuba abaphandi behlanya.

Imvelaphi engaqondakaliyo kaNan Madol

Iindonga kunye nemijelo yaseNandowa yayiyinxalenye yeNan Madol. Kwezinye iindawo udonga lwe-basalt rock oluye lwakhiwa ngaphaya kwesiqithi esisembindini woLwandlekazi lwePasifiki luziimitha ezingama-25 ukuphakama neemitha ezili-18 ubukhulu. Iimpawu zokuhlala kwabantu zifumaneka kuso sonke isixeko esisesiqithini, kodwa iingcali azikakwazi ukufumanisa ukuba ngoobani abantu bale mihla ababehlala kweso sixeko. Uphando olongezelelweyo luyaqhubeka. © Credit Credit: Dmitry Malov | Unikwe ilayisenisi kwiifoto zeStokhwe zeDreamsTime, i-ID 130392380 — Iindonga kunye nemijelo yaseNandowa yayiyinxalenye yeNan Madol. Kwezinye iindawo, udonga lwelitye le-basalt elakhiwe ngaphaya kwesiqithi esisembindini woLwandlekazi lwePasifiki luziimitha ezingama-25 ukuphakama kunye neemitha ezili-18 ubukhulu. Iimpawu zokuhlala kwabantu zifumaneka kuso sonke isixeko esisesiqithini, kodwa iingcali azikakwazi ukufumanisa ukuba ngoobani abantu bale mihla ababehlala kweso sixeko. Uphando olongezelelweyo luyaqhubeka. © Credit Credit: Dmitry Malov | Unikwe ilayisenisi ukusuka Ixesha lamaphupha Iifoto zesitokhwe, i-ID 130392380

Iindonga zaseNan Madol ziqalisa ukuphakama ngaphantsi kolwandle yaye ezinye zeebhloko ezisetyenzisiweyo zinobunzima obuziitoni ezingama-40! Akunakwenzeka ukwakha iindonga phantsi kolwandle ngelo xesha. Ngoko ke, iNan Madol imele ukuba yayiphakame ngaphezu kolwandle ngexesha lokwakhiwa kwayo. Kodwa ngokutsho kwezazi zenzululwazi ngokwakheka komhlaba, isiqithi esikuso iNan Madol asizange satshona ngenxa yeziganeko ezifana ne<em>bradyseism, njengezinye izixeko ngoku ezingaphantsi komgangatho wolwandle, ngokomzekelo, iSiponto yamandulo eItali.

Kodwa ke ulwandle lwayigubungela njani iNan Madol? Ngokucacileyo, ukuba isiqithi asitshonanga, lulwandle oluye lwaphakama. Kodwa iNan Madol ayikho kufutshane nolwandle oluncinane, njengeMeditera. INan Madol isembindini woLwandlekazi lwePasifiki. Ukuphakamisa isigebenga esifana noLwandlekazi lwePasifiki, nokuba ziimitha ezimbalwa, kufuna ubuninzi bamanzi obunomtsalane. Avela phi onke la manzi?

Ixesha lokugqibela uLwandlekazi lwePasifiki luphakama ngokuncomekayo (ngaphezu kweemitha ezili-100) kwakusemva koMbindiso wokuGqibela malunga ne-14,000 leminyaka eyadlulayo, xa umkhenkce owawugubungela uninzi loMhlaba wanyibilika. Ukunyibilika komkhenkce olingana namazwekazi onke kwanika iilwandle ubunzima obufunekayo ukuze bunyuke. Ngoko ke, ngelo xesha, iNan Madol yayinokuntywiliselwa ngokulula luLwandlekazi. Kodwa ukuthetha oku kuya kufana nokuthi uNan Madol mdala kuneminyaka eyi-14,000.

Kubaphandi abaqhelekileyo, oku akwamkelekanga, yingakho ufunda kwi-Wikipedia ukuba uNan Madol wakhiwa ngekhulu le-2 AD yi-Saudeleurs. Kodwa lo ngumhla kuphela weyona ntsalela indala yabantu ifunyenwe kwesi siqithi, ingeyiyo yokwakhiwa kwayo.

Yaye abakhi bakwazi njani ukuthutha iitoni ezingaphezu kwe-100,000 92 zamatye entaba-mlilo phesheya kolwandle ukuze bakhe iziqithi ezimalunga nama-XNUMX emi kuzo iNan Madol? Enyanisweni, iNan Madol ayakhiwe emhlabeni, kodwa elwandle, njengeVenice.

Iziqithi ezingama-92 zaseNan Madol zaziqhagamshelwe enye kwenye ngemijelo neendonga zamatye. © Credit Credit: Dmitry Malov | Iifoto ze-DreamsTime Stock, i-ID: 130394640

Enye indawo entsonkothileyo yesixeko sakudala kukuba ilitye eyenziwe ngalo iNan Madol 'lilitye lomlingo'. Ukuba umntu usondeza ikhampasi kufuphi nelitye, iyaphambana. Ngaba imagnethi yamatye inento yokwenza neendlela zokuthutha ezisetyenziselwa iNan Madol?

Ibali labathakathi abangamawele

Isixeko sakhula de kwango-AD 1628, xa i-Isokelekel, igorha legorha eliyintsomi elivela kwisiqithi sase-Kosrae loyisa i-Saudeleur Dynasty kwaye laseka i-Nahnmwarki Era. — Isixeko saseNan Madol sakhula de kwangowe-AD ngo-1628, xa u-Isokelekel, igorha lasentsomini eliphuma kwisiqithi sase-Kosrae loyisa i-Saudeleur Dynasty kwaye waseka i-Nahnmwarki Era. © Ityala Lomfanekiso: Ajdema | Flickr

Iziqithi ezingama-92 zesixeko saseNan Madol, ubukhulu nokumila kwazo ziphantse zafana. Ngokutsho kwentsomi yasePohnpeian, uNan Madol wasekwa ngabakhafuli abangamawele abavela kwintsomi yaseNtshona Katau, okanye eKanamwayso. Esi siqithi sekorale sasingenakulinywa kwaphela. Amawele, uOlisihpa no-Olosohpa, beza kuqala kwesi siqithi ukuze balime. Baqalisa ukunqula uNahnisohn Sahpw, uthixokazi wezolimo walapha.

Aba bazalwana babini bamela ubukumkani bukaSaudeleur. Beza kwesi siqithi sisodwa ukuze bandise ubukhosi babo. Kungoko eso sixeko sasekwayo. Okanye bezise eli litye lebasalt kumqolo wenamba enkulu ephaphazelayo.

Xa u-Olisihpa wafa ngenxa yokwaluphala, u-Olosohpa waba nguSaudeleur wokuqala. U-Olosohpa watshata nomfazi wasekuhlaleni waza wazala izizukulwana ezilishumi elinesibini, evelisa abanye abalawuli abalishumi elinesithandathu bakaSaudeleur bendlu kaDipwilap (“Omkhulu”).

Abaseki bobukhosi balawula ngobubele, nangona abo bangena ezihlangwini zabo babebacinezela ngamandla abalawulwa babo. De kwangowe-1628, esi siqithi sasiphakathi kobo bukhosi. Ulawulo lwabo lwaphela ngohlaselo luka-Isokelekel, naye owayehlala eNan Madol. Kodwa ngenxa yokunqongophala kokutya nomgama osuka kumbindi welizwe, isixeko esisesiqithini ngokuthe ngcembe sashiywa ngamalandela kaIsokelekel.

Iimpawu zoBukhosi baseSaudeleur zisekhona kwesi sixeko sasesiqithini. Iingcali zifumene iindawo ezinje ngekhitshi, izindlu ezijikelezwe ngamatye e-basalt kunye nezikhumbuzo zobukumkani baseSoudelio. Nangona kunjalo, iimfihlakalo ezininzi azikacaci namhlanje.

Iithiyori ezilahlekileyo zelizwekazi emva kwesixeko saseNan Madol

INan Madol iye yatolikwa ngabanye njengentsalela yelinye “lamazwekazi alahlekileyo” Lemuria kunye noMu. INan Madol yayiyenye yeendawo uJames Churchward achongwa njengenxalenye yelizwekazi elilahlekileyo laseMu, eqala kwincwadi yakhe ka-1926. Ilizwekazi elilahlekileyo le-Mu, i-Motherland yoMntu.

UMu lilizwekazi elilahlekileyo eliyintsomi. Eli gama laziswa nguAugustus Le Plongeon, owasebenzisa "uMhlaba weMu" njengelinye igama le-Atlantis. Emva koko kwaziwa njengelinye igama le-hypothetical land of Lemuria nguJames Churchward, owathi i-Mu yayikuLwandle lwePasifiki ngaphambi kokutshatyalaliswa kwayo. — UMu lilizwekazi elilahlekileyo eliyintsomi. Eli gama laziswa nguAugustus Le Plongeon, owasebenzisa "uMhlaba weMu" njengelinye igama Atlantis. Emva koko kwaziwa njengelinye igama le-hypothetical land of Lemuria nguJames Churchward, owathi i-Mu yayikuLwandle lwePasifiki ngaphambi kokutshatyalaliswa kwayo. © Ityala loMfanekiso: Archive.Org

Kwincwadi yakhe Isixeko esilahlekileyo saMatye (1978), umbhali uBill S. Ballinger uthi esi sixeko sakhiwa ngoomatiloshe bamaGrike ngo-300 BC. UDavid Hatcher Childress, umbhali kunye nomshicileli, uqikelela ukuba uNan Madol uqhagamshelwe kwilizwekazi elilahlekileyo laseLemuria.

Incwadi ka-1999 I-Global Superstorm ezayo ngu-Art Bell kunye noWhitley Strieber, oqikelela ukuba ukufudumala kwehlabathi kunokuvelisa iziphumo zemozulu ngesiquphe kunye nentlekele, babanga ukuba ukwakhiwa kweNan Madol, kunye nokunyamezela okugqithiseleyo kunye nemathiriyeli yebasalt enzima kakhulu, ifuna iqondo eliphezulu lobuchule bobugcisa. Ekubeni kungekho uluntu olunjalo lukhoyo kwirekhodi yanamhlanje olu luntu kufuneka lutshatyalaliswe ngeendlela ezimangalisayo.