Kudala abantu benomdla kwiipiramidi zase-Egypt, kwaye kunzima ukubagxeka ngenxa yemfihlakalo ejikeleze indalo yabo. Uninzi mhlawumbi alukholelwa kumabango obugqwetha ukuba akhiwe ngabaphambukeli, kodwa nzulu entliziyweni, uninzi lwabantu luyaqonda ukuba iiphiramidi zase-Egypt zazingakhange zakhiwe ngemisebenzi yamakhoboka ngendlela eqhelekileyo njengoko abaphandi abaqhelekileyo bebanga.
Ke, abantu abangama-4,000 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo bazakha njani ezona zakhiwo zikhulu, ezintsonkothileyo nezaziwayo? Imfihlakalo yokuba zakhiwa njani iiphiramidi inokuba isondela ekuphenduleni. Ngaba oomatshini bazakha iiphiramidi zase-Egypt?
Ngo-440 BC, isithandi sobulumko esingumGrike nesazi ngembali uHerodotus wabhala “Imbali,” ethathwa njengomnye weyona mibhalo yakhe ibalulekileyo. Umbhali-mbali obalaseleyo uxoxa ngeerekhodi kunye namasiko avela eNtshona Asia, eMntla Afrika naseGrisi, kubandakanya ezopolitiko, ijografi kunye namasiko.
“Imbali” ibigqithile kangangokuba iye yamisela isikhokelo sophando lwembali kwinkcubeko yethu. Nangona kunjalo, kusenokwenzeka ukuba uyayifihla inyani malunga nemfihlakalo abantu abazama ukuyisombulula iminyaka ngamagama akhe.
Imfihlelo ehambelana neepiramidi zase-Egypt
Iiphiramidi zase-Egypt zizinto zokwakha ezikwimo yeepiramidi zejometri ezigqibeleleyo ezakhiwa e-Egypt kumawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo. Ngokweengxelo, inani leepiramidi zase-Egypt ezaziwayo lijikeleze i-118 ukusukela ngo-Okthobha ka-2021. Ngexesha lamaxesha amadala naphakathi kuBukumkani, uninzi lwakhiwa njengamangcwaba oofaro bobukumkani kunye nabalingane babo.
I-Pyramid yokuqala e-Egypt yakhiwa ngexesha lolawulo luka-Pharaoh Djoser ngexesha le-Third Dynasty. Isakhiwo esakhiwe ngamatye esenyuka ngokwamanqanaba yayikukuqala kohlobo oluthile loyilo-inguquko enkulu kwinkcubeko yase-Egypt yamandulo.
IPyramid yaseDjoser, inkosi yesibini yoBukhosi besithathu, yakhiwa ngaphakathi kwendawo ebiyelweyo kwindawo yokulawula eSaqqara, ejonge kwisixeko samandulo saseMemphis.
IPyramidi ye-Djoser yakhiwa eSaqqara, e-Egypt, phakathi kwe-2630 BC kunye ne-2611 BC njengengcwaba likaFaro Djoser (okanye uZoser). Nangona sesona sakhiwo samatye sikhulu esidala emhlabeni, sihlala sigutyungelwe ziiphiramidi ezidumileyo zase-Egypt.
Iphiramidi yayiziimitha ezingama-60 ubude, kwaye kucingelwa ukuba yayakhiwe ngokwamanqanaba, iqala ngenxalenye yesikwere sayo kwaye yaphela ngesithandathu esipheliswe entlanganisweni. Nangona kunjalo, kwada kwafika uSneferu ethatha itrone apho iphiramidi yaphinda yahlengahlengiswa. Le kumkani yakha iiphiramidi ezintathu, ezathi zatshintsha ngokupheleleyo ulwakhiwo kunye noyilo lweephiramidi zase-Egypt.
Ngokumangalisayo, abaphengululi bacinga ukuba iPhiramidi ebomvu, eyakhiwe kwi-necropolis yasebukhosini yaseDahshur, yayisebenza njengomzekelo wePiramidi eNkulu yaseGiza. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, ezi Pyramid zikhulu zaba yindawo yabakhenkethi kunye nenye yezona ndawo zidumileyo kubakhenkethi.
kunjalo, akukho maxwebhu okwakhiwa kwawo afunyenweyo, kungakhange kufikelelwe nakucaciswa malunga nokuba zakhiwe njani kwaye ngubani ezi zakhiwo zimangalisayo kumaxesha amandulo. Akukho nto ibonisa ukuba zazakhiwe njani nakweyiphi na incwadi yamandulo yase-Egypt. Le ibe yenye yezona zinto zintsonkothileyo kumaqhina kwizinto zakudala, nakuluntu luphela.
Inqanaba elimangalisayo lokuchaneka libonisa ukuba iiphiramidi zazakhiwe kusetyenziswa oomatshini
Kukholelwa ngokubanzi ukuba ngokufika kweCheops, kwaqala ixesha elitsha kulwakhiwo lwephiramidi. UJufu o Jéops, odla ngokubizwa ngokuba yiCheops, wayengowesibini kwipharao yobukumkani besine base-Egypt, elawula ukusuka kwi-2589 BC ukuya kwi-2566 BC.
I-Cheops ibalelwa kulwakhiwo lwePiramidi enkulu yaseGiza, awayakha kunye nomyili wezakhiwo uHemiunu ngexesha elingaphumliyo leminyaka engama-20. UHerodotus uthi:
“UCheops wamisa iPiramidi Enkulu yaseGiza, wada waya kuhenyuza nentombi yakhe ukuze afumane imali yokwakha iphiramidi yakhe . . . amaJiputa.”
Ngenxa yokuba kungakhange kufunyanwe rekhodi, kucingelwa ukuba yingcinga nje evunyiweyo yezinto zakudala kuba akukho xwebhu luxhasayo. IPyramidi enkulu yaseGiza inomthamo opheleleyo we-2,583,283 cubic metres, iyenza ukuba ibe yeyesithathu ngobukhulu emhlabeni ngokomthamo, nangona ingowona uphakamileyo kwiimitha ezili-146.7.
Ukuchaneka okwenziwa ngayo iPiramidi eNkulu, nangona kunjalo, yeyona nto ingalindelekanga kwaye ayichazeki kwiingcali ezichaphazelekayo nayo. Abo babephethe ulwakhiwo lweephiramidi bayenze ngokuchaneka okuqinisekileyo kangangokuba phantse akunakwenzeka ukuphinda ubuye ubume kwakhona kumaxesha akhoyo.
Eyona nto inomdla kukuba yenye yezona zinto zinobunkunkqele kwimbali yomhlaba, nangona kungekho maxwebhu afunyenweyo. Ewe kunokwenzeka ukuba irekhodi lixoxa ngomzamo owenziweyo wokubenza, nangona kwavela kwiminyaka engama-2,000 XNUMX kamva.
UHerodotus kunye noomatshini abaphambili
UHerodotus uxoxa ngezixhobo zobuchwephesha ezinokubakho okanye oomatshini abaqeshwe ngexesha lokwakha ubuncinci bePyramidi enkulu yaseGiza emsebenzini wakhe. "Ezembali."
Ngokombhalo, nje ukuba kubekwe amatye esiseko, "Oomatshini" bebeqeshiwe ukufakela abo bebehamba ngaphezulu. Nangona kunjalo, uHerodotus akaqinisekanga malunga nenani loomatshini abasetyenziselwa ukwakha iipiramidi zase-Egypt.
Oku kulandelayo sisicatshulwa esivela 'kwiiMbali':
"Le phiramidi yayakhiwe ngamanqwanqwa, imilo yeedolophana, njengoko abanye besitsho, okanye imilo ende ngokutsho kwabanye." Emva kokubeka amatye esiseko, basebenzise oomatshini ukufaka amatye aseleyo…
… Umatshini wokuqala ubanyusele emhlabeni kwaye inyathelo lokuqala. Ngaphezulu kwalomnye umatshini, owawuthatha ilitye ekufikeni kwalo ulizise kwinyathelo lesibini, ukusuka apho laqhubela phambili laya phezulu ngomatshini wesithathu.
Nokuba babenabo oomatshini abaninzi ukusukela ukuba bekukho amanyathelo kwiphiramidi, okanye babenomatshini omnye kuphela owawunokuthi, ngenxa yokuba wawushenxiseka ngokulula, ususwa komnye umaleko uye kolunye njengoko amatye enyuka; omabini la mabango anikezelwe, ke ngoko ndixoxa ngazo zombini…
Ababhali-mbali bakholelwa ukuba uHerodotus walufumana olu lwazi kubafundisi awadibana nabo eYiphutha. Wayethetha ukuthini uHerodotus xa wayesithi: “Oomatshini abaphakamisa amatye bawabeka kwiindawo zawo”?
Amagama avakala njengethiyori yeyelenqe eneneni abhalwe ngomnye wababhali-mbali abadumileyo boluntu. Ngaba olu luxwebhu olunobungqina obudala obubonisa ukuba amaYiputa amandulo ayexhaswa bubugcisa obubalaseleyo obungazange bufunyanwe ngaphambili okanye ukuba ayenobugcisa obuhambele phambili nolwazi olungaphaya kwamaxesha awo?
Oku kukhokelela kwisigqibo sokuba zonke iiphiramidi zehlabathi zenziwe kusetyenziswa ezi zixhobo zinokubakho. Zininzi izinto ezinokwenzeka; mhlawumbi abantu abanoxanduva lokuzisa le teknoloji bayithathe emva kokuba umsebenzi ugqityiwe.
Oku kunokucacisa ukuba kutheni kungakhange kufunyanwe imikhondo. Ukwakhiwa okungenasiphako kweephiramidi kukhokelele abaninzi ekucingeni ukuba abantu nje abanakho ukuzimisa ngokwabo, kwaye amagqabantshintshi omntu obaluleke kangangembali asebenza ukomeleza ezi zimvo. Zithini iingcinga zakho? Ngaba oomatshini bazakha ngokwenene iiphiramidi zase-Egypt?
