Ngo-2008, uphononongo lwezenzululwazi luveze inyani eyothusayo malunga nabantu bepalaeolithic - inani lemizobo yomqolomba, eminye yayo yayineminyaka engama-40,000, yayizimveliso zeastronomy ezintsonkothileyo ezazifunyenwe ngookhokho bethu bamandulo.
Imizobo yakudala ekucingelwa ukuba iyisimboli yezilwanyana zangaphambili ngokwenene ziimephu zeenkwenkwezi zamandulo, ngokokutyhilwa ziingcali ekufumaniseni kwazo okubangel’ umdla.
Ubugcisa bokuqala bomqolomba bubonisa ukuba abantu babenolwazi oluphambili lwesibhakabhaka ebusuku kwiminyaka yokugqibela yomkhenkce. Ngokwengqondo, babengahlukanga kwaphela kuthi namhlanje. Kodwa le mizobo yomqolo yatyhila ukuba abantu banolwazi oluntsonkothileyo ngeenkwenkwezi namakroza ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-40,000 XNUMX eyadlulayo.
Kwakungexesha lePaleolithic Age, okanye ekwabizwa ngokuba yiOld Stone Age ― ixesha kwimbali yangaphambili elahlulwe kuphuhliso lokuqala lwezixhobo zamatye ezigubungela phantse i-99% yexesha lembali yetekhnoloji yabantu.
Iimephu zeenkwenkwezi zamandulo
Ngokutsho kophando lwenzululwazi oluye lwapapashwa yiYunivesithi yase-Edinburgh, abantu bamandulo babelawula ukuhamba kwexesha ngokubukela indlela iinkwenkwezi ezizitshintsha ngayo iindawo esibhakabhakeni. Imisebenzi yamandulo yobugcisa, efumaneka kwiindawo ngeendawo eYurophu, ayipheleli nje ekufanekiseni izilwanyana zasendle, njengoko kwakucingwa ngaphambili.
Kunoko, imiqondiso yezilwanyana imela amakroza eenkwenkwezi esibhakabhakeni ebusuku. Zisetyenziselwa ukumela imihla, iziganeko zokumakisha ezifana nokungqubana kwe-asteroid, ukufiphala kwelanga, iimvula zemeteor, ukuphuma nokutshona kwelanga, i-solstices kunye ne-equinoxes, izigaba zenyanga kunye njl.
Izazinzulu zicebisa ukuba abantu bamandulo babewuqonda kakuhle umphumo obangelwa kukutshintsha ngokuthe ngcembe kwi-axis yoMhlaba. Ukufunyaniswa kwesi siganeko, esibizwa ngokuba yi-precession of the equinoxes, ngaphambili kwathiwa kumaGrike amandulo.
Omnye wabaphandi abaphambili, uGqr Martin Sweatman, weDyunivesithi yase-Edinburgh wachaza, “Ubugcisa bamandulo bomqolomba bubonisa ukuba abantu babenolwazi oluphambili ngesibhakabhaka ebusuku ngexesha lokugqibela lomkhenkce. Ngokwengqondo, babengahlukanga kuthi namhlanje. Tezo zinto zifunyanisiweyo zixhasa ithiyori yeempembelelo ezininzi ze-comets kulo lonke uphuhliso lwabantu kwaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba ziguqule indlela abantu bembali yamandulo abajongwa ngayo. "
Ulwazi oluntsonkothileyo lwamakroza
Iingcali ezisuka kwiyunivesithi yase-Edinburgh naseKent zafunda inani lezobugcisa ezaziwayo kwimiqolomba yakudala ebekwe eTurkey, eSpain, eFransi naseJamani. Kuphononongo lwabo olunzulu, baye balizuza ixesha lobugcisa be-rock ngokwenza imichiza ukuthandana iipeyinti ezazisetyenziswa ngabantu bamandulo.
Bandula ke, besebenzisa inkqubo yekhompyutha, abaphandi baxela kwangaphambili indawo ezimi kuyo iinkwenkwezi kanye ngexesha lokuzotywa kwazo. Oku kwatyhila ukuba oko kwakukhe kwavela ngaphambili, njengemifuziselo engaqondakaliyo yezilwanyana, kunokutolikwa njengamakroza njengoko ayevela kude kudala.
Izazinzulu zagqiba kwelokuba le mizobo imangalisayo yomqolomba ibubungqina obucacileyo bokuba abantu bamandulo babesebenzisa indlela entsonkothileyo yokubala ixesha ngokusekelwe kubalo lweenkwenkwezi. Konke oku, nangona imizobo yomqolomba yahlulwa ngexesha ngamashumi amawaka eminyaka.
"Owona mfanekiso mdala emhlabeni, iNgonyama-indoda evela kumqolomba waseHohlenstein-Stadel, ukusuka kwi-38,000 BC, nayo yayigqalwa njengehambelana nale nkqubo yakudala yexesha," utyhile iingcali kwingxelo evela kwiYunivesithi yase-Edinburgh.
Lo mfanekiso uqingqiweyo ungaqondakaliyo kukholelwa ukuba ukhumbula impembelelo eyintlekele ye-asteroid eyenzeka malunga ne-11,000 leminyaka eyadlulayo, iqalisa into ebizwa ngokuba yi-Younger Dryas Event, ixesha lokuphola ngequbuliso kwemozulu kwihlabathi liphela.
“Umhla okrolwe kwi'Vulture Stone' ka UGöbekli Tepe lichazwa njenge-10,950 250 BC, kwisithuba seminyaka engama-XNUMX,” yachaza izazinzulu kuphononongo. “Olu suku lubhalwe kusetyenziswa i-precession of equinoxes, kunye nemiqondiso yezilwanyana emele iinkwenkwezi zeenkwenkwezi ezihambelana nesolstices ezine kunye ne-equinoxes zalo nyaka.
isiphelo
Ngoko ke, oku kufunyanwa kukhulu kutyhila inyaniso yokuba abantu babenokuqonda okuntsonkothileyo kwexesha kunye nendawo kumawaka eminyaka ngaphambi kwamaGrike amandulo, abalelwa kwizifundo zokuqala zenzululwazi yeenkwenkwezi yanamhlanje. Ayisiyiyo le kuphela, kukho eminye imizekelo emininzi, njenge I-Planisphere yaseSumeri, i Nebra Sky Disk, Icwecwe lodongwe lwaseBhabhiloni njl., nto leyo ethetha ulwazi oluntsonkothileyo lwenzululwazi yeenkwenkwezi yanamhlanje eyafunyanwa ngookhokho bethu bamandulo.
