Ngomnyaka we-1908, into engaqondakaliyo eyaziwa ngokuba yiTunguska Event yabangela ukuba isibhakabhaka sitshise kwaye ngaphezu kwe-80 yezigidi zemithi ukuwa. Eyona ngcaciso ingaguquguqukiyo iqinisekisa ukuba yayisimeteorite; nangona kunjalo, ukungabikho kwecrater kwindawo yempembelelo kuye kwavusa zonke iintlobo zethiyori.
Imfihlakalo yoMnyhadala waseTunguska
Nyaka ngamnye, uMhlaba uhlaselwa malunga neetoni ezili-16 zeemeteorite eziwela emoyeni. Uninzi alufikeleli kwishumi elinesibini leegram ngobunzima kwaye zincinci kangangokuba azinakwa. Okunye kunokubangela ukukhanya esibhakabhakeni ebusuku okuye kuthi shwaka kwimizuzwana nje, kodwa… kuthekani ngeemeteorites ezinokubanakho ukutshayela ummandla wehlabathi?
Nangona eyona mpembelelo yamva nje ye-asteroid ekwaziyo ukubangela intlekele yehlabathi ibuyele emva kwi-65 yezigidi zeminyaka, ngentsasa yangoJuni 30, 1908, ugqabhuko-dubulo olonakalisayo olwaziwa ngokuba sisiganeko saseTunguska sanyakamisa iSiberia ngamandla eebhombu zeathom ezingama-300.
Malunga nentsimbi yesixhenxe kusasa, kwadubula i-fireball esibhakabhakeni ngaphaya kwethafa elikumbindi laseSiberia, indawo engathandekiyo apho amahlathi e-coniferous anikezela indawo ye-tundra kunye nokuhlaliswa kwabantu kunqongophele.
Kwimizuzwana nje engephi, ubushushu obutshisayo butshise isibhakabhaka kwaza kwabakho ugqabhuko-dubulo olukhulu olwagubungela imithi engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-80 kummandla ozizikwekhilomitha ezingama-2,100 XNUMX zehlathi.
Esi siganeko sabangela amaza othusayo athi, ngokutsho kweNASA, abhalwe nge-barometers kulo lonke elaseYurophu kwaye abetha abantu abangaphezu kweekhilomitha ezingama-40 kude. Kwiintsuku ezimbini ezizayo, isibhakabhaka sahlala sikhanya eAsia nakwimimandla ethile yaseYurophu. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yobunzima bokufikelela kwindawo kunye nokungabikho kweedolophu ezikufutshane, akukho hambo lwaya kufikelela kule ndawo kwiminyaka elishumi elinesithathu elandelayo.
Kwada kwaba ngowe-1921 ukuba uLeonid Kulik, isazinzulu kwiMyuziyam yaseMineralogy yaseSt. nangona kunjalo, ubume bokungakhathali bommandla bukhokelele ekungaphumeleli kolu hambo.
Ngo-1927, uKulik wakhokela olunye uhambo olwathi ekugqibeleni lwafikelela kumawaka eekhilomitha ezitshisiweyo kwaye wamangaliswa kukuba, umcimbi awuzange ushiye nayiphi na impembelelo ye-crater, kuphela indawo yeekhilomitha ezi-4 ububanzi apho imithi yayimi khona, kodwa ngaphandle kwamasebe. akukho xolo. Ukungqonge ke, amawakawaka emithi eyongezelelekileyo aphawula indyikityha yeemayile, kodwa ngokumangalisayo, kwakungekho bungqina be crater okanye inkunkuma yemeteorite kwindawo.
“Isibhakabhaka sahlukana kubini, kwavela umlilo phezulu”
Ngaphandle kokudideka, umzamo kaKulik wakwazi ukuphula i-hermeticism yabahlali, abanikezela ngobungqina bokuqala boMnyhadala weTunguska.
I-akhawunti ka-S. Semenov, ingqina lokuzibonela elaliyi-60 yeekhilomitha ukusuka kwimpembelelo kwaye udliwano-ndlebe no-Kulik, mhlawumbi idume kakhulu kunye neenkcukacha zokuqhuma:
“Ngexesha lesidlo sakusasa ndandihleli ecaleni kwendlu yeposi eVanavara (…) ngequbuliso, ndabona ukuba ngqo emantla, kwindlela yaseTunguska esuka e-Onkoul, isibhakabhaka sahlukana kubini kwaye kwavela umlilo phezulu nangaphezulu phezu kwehlathi. Isibhakabhaka saya sikhula ngakumbi, kwaye lonke icala langasentla laba ngumlilo.
Ndaba nesifuthufuthu ngaloo mzuzu kangangokuba ihempe yam iyatsha; kwicala langasentla apho kwakukho umlilo, kuphuma ubushushu obunamandla. Ndandifuna ukukrazula ihempe yam ndiyilahle phantsi, kodwa lavaleka izulu kwatsho isithonga esikhulu ndajulwa kude.
Ndaphelelwa zingqondo okomzuzwana, kodwa emva koko inkosikazi yam yabaleka yandigodusa (…) Sathi sakuvuleka isibhakabhaka, kwavuthuza umoya oshushu phakathi kwezindlu, ngokungathi usuka kwimiwonyo, owashiya umkhondo emhlabeni njengeendlela, kwaye ezinye izityalo zivuthuza. yonakele. Kamva sabona ukuba iifestile ezininzi zazaphukile yaye kwishedi, inxalenye yesitshixo yentsimbi yaphuka.”
Kwiminyaka elishumi eyalandelayo, kwabakho amaphulo amathathu angakumbi kuloo mmandla. UKulik ufumene uninzi lwemingxuma emincinci “emingxunya”, nganye kuzo ibiziimitha ezili-10 ukuya kwezingama-50 ububanzi, awayecinga ukuba zinokuba ziimeteoric craters.
Emva kokusebenza nzima ekukhupheni enye yezi bogs-into ebizwa ngokuba yi "Suslov's crater", 32 yeemitha ububanzi-wafumana isiphunzi esidala somthi emazantsi, echaza ukuba kungenzeka ukuba yimeteoric crater. I-Kulik ayinakuze iqinisekise oyena nobangela woMnyhadala weTunguska.
Iingcaciso kuMnyhadala waseTunguska
I-NASA ithatha uMnyhadala weTunguska njengeyona rekhodi yodwa yemeteoroid enkulu engena eMhlabeni kumaxesha anamhlanje. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphezulu kwenkulungwane, iingcaciso zokungabikho kwe crater okanye meteorite imathiriyeli kwindawo yesityholo sempembelelo iye yaphefumlela amakhulu amaphepha enzululwazi kunye neethiyori zento kanye eyenzekayo eTunguska.
Inguqulelo eyamkelwa kakhulu namhlanje iqinisekisa ukuba ngentsasa ye-30 kaJuni, 1908, iliwa lasesithubeni elimalunga neemitha ezingama-37 ububanzi langena kwiatmosfera yoMhlaba ngesantya esingamawaka angama-53 eekhilomitha ngeyure, elaneleyo ukufikelela kwiqondo lobushushu elingama-24 amawaka e-degrees celsius.
Le ngcaciso iqinisekisa ukuba i-fireball eyayikhanyisa isibhakabhaka ayizange idibane nomhlaba, kodwa yaqhuma iikhilomitha ezisibhozo ukuphakama, ibangela i-wave shock wave echaza intlekele kunye nezigidi zemithi ewileyo kwindawo yaseTunguska.
Kwaye nangona ezinye iithiyori ezinomdla ngaphandle kwenkxaso eyomeleleyo yesayensi zicinga ukuba isiganeko saseTunguska sinokuba sisiphumo sokuqhuma kwe-antimatter okanye ukwakhiwa komngxuma omncinci omnyama, i-hypothesis entsha eyenziwe ngo-2020 ikhomba kwiingcaciso ezinamandla:
Ngokutsho kwiphando eshicilelwe kwi Umbutho weRoyal Astronomical Society, isiganeko saseTunguska ngokwenene sabangelwa yi-meteorite; nangona kunjalo, yayililitye elenziwe ngentsimbi elafikelela kuma-200 eemitha ububanzi kwaye laxukuxa uMhlaba kumgama ubuncinane weekhilomitha ezili-10 ngaphambi kokuqhubeka nomjikelezo walo, okushiya i-wave shock yobukhulu obunjalo ekuvukeni kwayo kangangokuba ibangele isibhakabhaka siya kutshisa kunye nezigidi. imithi yayiza kugawulwa.
Ukudubula kweTunguska okubangelwa ngabaphambukeli?
Ngo-2009, isazinzulu saseRashiya sabanga ukuba abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe bawisa i-meteorite yaseTunguska kwiminyaka eyi-101 eyadlulayo ukuze bakhusele iplanethi yethu ekutshatyalalisweni. UYuri Lavbin uthe ufumene iikristale zequartz ezingaqhelekanga kwindawo yogqabhuko-dubulo olukhulu lwaseSiberia. Iikristale ezilishumi zinemingxuma kuzo, zibekwe ukuze amatye adityaniswe kwikhonkco, kwaye ezinye zinemizobo kuzo.
“Asinabo nabuphi na ubuchwephesha obunokuprinta uhlobo olunjalo lwemizobo kwiikristale,” watsho uLavbin. “Siphinde safumana i-ferrum silicate engenakuveliswa naphi na, ngaphandle kwasemajukujukwini.
Yayingesosihlandlo sokuqala ukuba i-UFO ibangwe inxulumene nomsitho waseTunguska zizazinzulu. Ngo-2004, amalungu ohambo lwezenzululwazi lwesiseko sombuso waseSiberia "iTunguska Space Phenomenon" babanga ukuba bakwazile ukutyhila iibhloko zesixhobo sobuchwephesha sangaphandle, esathi santlitheka emhlabeni ngoJuni 30, 1908.
Uhambo, oluququzelelwe yiSiseko soRhulumente waseSiberia "iTunguska Space Phenomenon" yagqiba umsebenzi wayo kwindawo yokuwa kwe-Tunguska meteorite ngo-Agasti 9, 2004. Uhambo oluya kummandla lwalukhokelwa ziifoto zendawo, abaphandi bahlola indawo ebanzi kwindawo kufutshane nelali yasePoligusa kwiinxalenye zento yendawo eyantlitheka eMhlabeni ngo-1908.
Ukongezelela, amalungu e-expedition afumene into ebizwa ngokuba yi "deer" - ilitye, apho amangqina okuzibonela aseTunguska akhankanywe ngokuphindaphindiweyo kumabali abo. Abahloli bathumela i-50-kilogram yelitye kwisixeko saseKrasnoyarsk ukuba sifundwe kwaye sihlalutywe. Akukho ngxelo zilandelayo okanye uhlalutyo olunokufunyanwa ngexesha lokukhangela kwi-intanethi.
isiphelo
Ngaphandle kophando oluninzi, into ebizwa ngokuba yiSigigaba saseTunguska iseyeyona nto ibalulekileyo yenkulungwane yama-20―ibanjwe ngabantu abangaqondakaliyo, abathanda i-UFO kunye nezazinzulu njengobungqina boothixo abanomsindo, ubomi bangaphandle komhlaba okanye isoyikiso esizayo sokungqubana kwendalo.
