Umphandi uJared Diamond kwincwadi yakhe Ukuwa (2005), kucingelwa ukuba ukususwa kwezityalo kunye neegundane ezixineneyo kubangele ukukhukuliseka okukhulu, ukunqongophala okukhulu kwezixhobo kunye nokutya, kwaye, ekugqibeleni, ukuwa kweRapanui Society ye-Easter Island - ingcamango yokuba uninzi lwabaphandi abaqhelekileyo bakholelwa.
Kodwa isifundo esitsha kwi-Prehistory ye-Easter Island (i-Rapa Nui) eyenziwa liqela lamazwe ngamazwe leenzululwazi kunye neengcali zakudala ezivela kwiMyuziyam yaseMoesgaard e-Aarhus, eDenmark; IYunivesithi yaseKiel, eJamani, kunye neYunivesithi yasePompeu Fabra yaseBarcelona, eSpain, baye bafumanisa into engaphandle kwendlela. Kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zesi siqithi, bafumana uthotho lwamangcwaba amadala agcina ibala elibomvu ngaphakathi.
Idatha entsha evezwe ngolu phando, epapashwe kwijenali IHolocene, icebisa ukuba ibali lokuwa kweRapanui lalinokwenzeka ngenye indlela. Abaphandi bathi ukuveliswa kwe-pigment ebomvu kwaqhubeka kuyinkalo ebalulekileyo yobomi benkcubeko yabemi basePascua nangona utshintsho olukhulu kwi-ecosystem kunye nokusingqongileyo.
Imveliso ye-pigment emangalisayo
I-Easter Island idume ehlabathini lonke ingakumbi ngemifanekiso yayo emikhulu efana neyomntu, imoai, imifuziselo yezinyanya zamaRapanui. Kodwa ukongeza kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo, abemi be-Easter Island baphinde bavelisa ibala elibomvu, elisekwe kwi-ocher ebomvu, abayifaka kwimizobo emqolombeni, kwipetroglyphs, moai… kunye nakwiimeko zomngcwabo.
Ngelixa ubukho bale pigment sele busaziwa kubaphandi, umthombo wayo kunye nenkqubo yokuvelisa enokwenzeka yayingacacanga. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, abembi bezinto zakudala baye bagrumba baza baqhuba izifundo zenzululwazi kwiindawo ezine ezinemingxuma, bebonisa ukuba kukho ukuveliswa kwebala elikhulu kwesi siqithi.
Imingxuma efumaneka kwi-Ista ityebile ngamasuntswana amahle kakhulu e-iron oxides, i-hematite kunye ne-maghemite, iiminerali ezinombala obomvu oqaqambileyo. Uhlalutyo lwe-geochemical olwenziwa kwi-microcarbons kunye ne-phytoliths (intsalela yobunzima bezityalo) ibonisa ukuba iiminerali zazifudunyezwa, mhlawumbi ukufumana umbala oqaqambileyo. Eminye imingxuma yafakwa iplagi, nto leyo eya kubonisa ukuba yayisetyenziselwa zombini ukuveliswa nokugcinwa kwezi pigments.
Iiphytolith ezifumaneka kwimingxuma ye-Easter Island ziphuma ikakhulu kwiPanicoideae, izityalo ezikwintsapho engaphantsi yengca. Abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba ezi phytoliths zisetyenziswe njengenxalenye yamafutha asetyenziselwa ukutshisa i-pigments.
Amangcwaba aphanda ngesi siqithi phakathi kowe-1200 nowe-1650. EVaipú Este, indawo apho kwafunyanwa khona uninzi lwala mangcwaba, abaphandi bafumanisa ukuba uninzi lwawo abekwe apho kwakukhe kwafunyanwa iingcambu zesundu ngaphambili, kwanasePoike, apho elinye ingcwaba lalifunyenwe. kwafunyanwa ingcwaba. Oku kubonisa ukuba ukuveliswa kwe-pigment kwenzeka emva kokucocwa kunye nokutshiswa kwezityalo ezidala zesundu.
Oku kubonisa ukuba nangona uhlaza lwemithi yesundu lwalungasekho, abemi bamandulo base-Easter Island baqhubeka bevelisa ibala, yaye ngomlinganiselo omkhulu. Le nyaniso iyaphikisana nengcamango yangaphambili yokuba ukucocwa kwezityalo kubangele ukuwohloka koluntu. Ukufumanisa kusinika iimbono ezintsha malunga nokuguquguquka kwabantu ukuhlangabezana nokutshintsha kweemeko zendalo.
isiphelo
Ekugqibeleni, imibuzo ihleli, baphela njani abantu baseRapanui kweso siqithi? Kwakutheni ukuze banyamalale ngequbuliso? Kwakhona, kukho inani lemibuzo malunga nemvelaphi yabo yokwenyani, ayikaziwa esiqithini apho basuka khona. Ngokwentlalo nangokwenkcubeko kuzo zonke iinkalo, baye babonisa ubukrelekrele kunye nokuphakama kwimbali, kodwa ukuphela kwabo ngesiquphe ngaphandle komkhondo kuhlala kuyimfihlakalo enkulu kude kube namhlanje. Ngoku, amehlo ethu anokubona kuphela eminye yemifanekiso eqingqiweyo ekhokelayo kunye nemisebenzi yezandla eshiywe ngulo luntu lukhulu olusichukumisayo nolusimangalisa nanamhlanje.
