Ngophuhliso lolwazi kunye netekhnoloji, umgangatho wempucuko yethu uhlala uphuhliswa phantsi kwempembelelo yemilingo yesayensi. Abantu abasemhlabeni banamandla kakhulu namhlanje. Abantu beli hlabathi langoku abanakucinga umzuzu ngaphandle kombane. Kodwa xa kuziwa ekuveliseni lo mbane, kufuneka sifumane izibonelelo ngaphandle kwamalahle okanye igesi, kuba le mithombo yamandla ayinakuhlaziywa. Ukufumana ezinye iindlela zala mandla bekusoloko kungoyena mceli mngeni kubaphandi. Ukusuka apho, inkqubo yokuvelisa umbane kwimithombo yenyukliya yaqulunqwa.
Kodwa izinto ezinemitha yeathom, eziqhele ukusetyenziswa kula maziko ombane wenyukliya, zinokubangela iziphumo ezonakalisayo ebantwini nakwindalo ngaxeshanye. Ke ukujonga ngokufanelekileyo ngowona mbandela ubalulekileyo kulo mbandela. Ngaphandle kwalonto, uqhushumbo lungakhokelela kumonakalo ongenakulungiseka kweli hlabathi nanini na. Umzekelo wesiganeko esinje yiNtlekele yaseChernobyl okanye uqhushumbo lweChernobyl olwenzeka eChernobyl Nuclear Power Plant eUkraine, ngo1986. Uninzi lwethu sele lunolwazi oluncinci ngeNtlekele yaseChernobyl eyakha yalothusa uluntu lwehlabathi.
Intlekele yaseChernobyl:
Le ntlekele yenzeke phakathi komhla wama-25 ukuya kowama-26 ku-Epreli, 1986. Indawo yesiganeko yiChernobyl Nuclear Power Centre yaseSoviet Union neyayisaziwa njengeLenin Nuclear Power Centre. Yayisisona sityalo sikhulu samandla enyukliya ngelo xesha, kwaye ukuqhushumba kweChernobyl kuthathwa njengeyona nto ibalulekileyo intlekele yenyukliya Emhlabeni eyakhe yenzeka kumzi-mveliso wamandla enyukliya. Kwakukho izixhobo zombane zenyukliya kwiziko lamandla. Isixhobo ngasinye sasikwazi ukuvelisa malunga newaka leemegawathi zombane ngosuku.
Ingozi yenzeke ikakhulu ngokuqhuba uvavanyo lwenyukliya olungacwangciswanga. Kwenzeke ngenxa yokungakhathali ngabasemagunyeni kunye nokunqongophala kwamava abasebenzi kunye nabo basebenza kumzi-mveliso wombane. Olu vavanyo lwenziwa kwireactor No 4. Xa lwalungaphandle kolawulo, abaqhubi bayicima inkqubo yolawulo lwamandla, kunye nenkqubo yokhuseleko olungxamisekileyo ngokupheleleyo. Baye bathintela neentonga zolawulo eziqhagamshelene neentsimbi zetanki yereactor. Kodwa yayisasebenza phantse iipesenti ezisixhenxe zamandla ayo. Ngenxa yemisebenzi emininzi engacwangciswanga, impendulo yoluhlu lwe-reactor iya kwinqanaba elinamandla kangangokuba ibingasenakuphinda ilawulwe. Ke ngoko, i-reactor yaqhuma nge-7: 2 ebusuku.
Abasebenzi ababini basweleke kwangoko ngexesha lokuqhuma, kwaye abangama-28 abaseleyo babhubha kwiiveki nje ezimbalwa (ngaphezulu kwama-50 kwimpikiswano). Eyona nto inokonakalisa, nangona kunjalo, kukuba izinto ezinemitha yeathom ngaphakathi kwento yesixhobo kubandakanya I-cesium-137 ezazityhilekileyo kwindalo esingqongileyo, kwaye zazisasazeka kancinci kwihlabathi liphela. Ngo-Epreli 27, phantse ngama-30,000 (ngaphezulu kwe-1,00,000 kwimpikiswanoabahlali basiwe kwenye indawo.
Ngoku umceli mngeni yayikukucoca iitoni ezili-100 zenkunkuma enemitha yeathom ephahleni lweChernobyl. Ngaphezulu kweenyanga ezisibhozo emva kwengozi ka-Epreli 1986, amawaka amavolontiya (amajoni) ekugqibeleni angcwaba iChernobyl ngezixhobo zesandla kunye namandla emisipha.
Ekuqaleni, iiSoviets zazisebenzisa iirobhothi ezilawulwa kude ezingama-60, uninzi lwazo lwalusenziwa ngaphakathi eU.SSR ukucoca inkunkuma eqhumayo. Nangona uyilo oluninzi ekugqibeleni lwakwazi ukufaka isandla ekucoceni, uninzi lweerobhothi zakhawuleza zanikezela kwiziphumo zamanqanaba aphezulu emitha kwi-elektroniki ethe-ethe. Nabo oomatshini abasebenza kwiindawo ezinemitha ephezulu bahlala bengaphumeleli emva kokuba bencitshiswe ngamanzi kwiinzame zokubaphelisa.
Iingcali zaseSoviet zisebenzise umatshini owaziwa ngokuba yi-STR-1. Irobhothi enamavili amathandathu ibisekwe kwirover yenyanga esetyenzisiweyo kuphando lwenyanga lweSoviet lwe1960s. Mhlawumbi eyona robhothi iphumeleleyo - iMobot- yayingumatshini omncinci onamavili oxhotyiswe ngebhleyidi efana nogandaganda kunye "nengalo yomqhathanisi." Kodwa ekuphela kohlobo lweMobot oluye lwatshatyalaliswa xa ngempazamo lwaphoswa kwiimitha ezingama-200 ngehelikopta eyithwele yaya eluphahleni.
Iipesenti ezilishumi zokucocwa kophahla olungcolileyo lweChernobyl zenziwa ziirobhothi, zisindisa abantu abangama-500 ekuvezweni. Wonke umsebenzi wenziwe ngabanye abasebenzi abangama-5,000 125,000, abaye bathatha i-rem,25 ye-31 epheleleyo. Elona dosi liphezulu livumelekileyo kuye nawuphina umsebenzi lalineminyaka engama-237, ngokuphindwe kahlanu kwimigangatho yonyaka. Bebonke, abasebenzi abangama-XNUMX babhubha eChernobyl, abangama-XNUMX babeqinisekisile amatyala okugula ngamandla kwemitha, kwaye uninzi lwabanye lunokuthi ekugqibeleni lube neziphumo ezibi kukuvezwa kwabo.
Abasemagunyeni baxelele amajoni ukuba asele ivodka. Ngokutsho kwabo, i-radiation yayifanele ukuba iqokelele kwiingqungquthela ze-thyroid ekuqaleni. Kwaye ivodka kwakufuneka icoca. Oko kuyalelwe amajoni ngokuthe ngqo: isiqingatha seglasi yevodka ngeyure ezimbini eChernobyl. Babecinga ukuba inokubakhusela kwimitha. Ngelishwa, khange yenzeke!
Ukuqhuma kweChernobyl kwabangela ukuba i-curie radionuclides ezingama-50 ukuya kwezi-185 zibhenceke kwindalo esingqongileyo. I-radioactivity yayo yayisoyikeka kangangokuba yayiphantse iphindwe kabini kunamandla ebhombu yeatom e-Hiroshima okanye eNagasaki. Kwangelo xesha, ukusasazeka kwayo kwakuphinda kalikhulu isixa semathiriyeli eqhumayo yeHiroshima-Nagasaki. Kwiintsuku nje ezimbalwa, imitha yayo yaqala ukusasazeka kumazwe aselumelwaneni, njengeBelarus, iUkraine, iFrance, i-Itali kunye nezinye.
Le radioactivity inefuthe elibonakalayo kwindalo esingqongileyo nakubomi bayo. Iinkomo zaqala ukuzalwa zinombala omdaka. Kukho ukonyuka kwenani lezifo ezinxulumene nemitha ye-radioactive kunye nomhlaza, ngakumbi umhlaza wedlala lengqula, ebantwini. Ngo-2000, ii-reactors ezintathu ezazisele kwiziko lamandla zazicinyiwe. Kwaye, kangangeminyaka emininzi, indawo ishiywe ngokupheleleyo. Akukho mntu uya apho. Apha kweli nqaku, siza kuyazi ukuba injani imeko yangoku kwingingqi emva kwentlekele eyenzeka phantse kwiminyaka engama-3 eyadlulayo.
Yeyiphi isixa semitha esisaFumaneka kwiNgingqi yaseChernobyl?
Emva kogqabhuko-dubulo lweChernobyl, i-radioactact yayo yaqala ukusasazeka kwindalo esingqongileyo, kungekudala, iSoviet Union yabhengeza ukushiya indawo. Okwangoku, i-reactor yenyukliya ijolise kwindawo ejikelezayo yesetyhula eneradiyo emalunga neekhilomitha ezingama-30. Ubungakanani bayo babumalunga ne-2,634 yeekhilomitha. Kodwa ngenxa yokusasazeka kwe-radioactivity, ubungakanani bandiswa ukuya malunga ne-4,143 yeekhilomitha zesikwere. Kude kube namhla, akukho bantu bavunyelweyo ukuba baphile okanye benze nantoni na kwezi ndawo ezithile. Nangona kunjalo, kuvumelekile ukuba izazinzulu okanye abaphandi bangene kule ndawo ngemvume ekhethekileyo kunye nexesha elifutshane.
Ngaphezulu kweetoni ezingama-200 zezinto ezinemitha ye-radio ezigcinwe kwisikhululo samandla kwanasemva kogqabhuko-dubulo. Ngokwezibalo zabaphandi bangoku, le nto inemitha eqhumayo ingathatha malunga ne-100 ukuya kwi-1,000 800 leminyaka ukuba ingasebenzi ngokupheleleyo. Ukongeza, izinto ezinemitha ye-radioactive zalahlwa kwiindawo ezingama-XNUMX kwangoko emva kogqabhuko-dubulo. Inokubanakho ukungcoliseka kwamanzi omhlaba.
Emva kwentlekele yaseChernobyl, phantse kudlule amashumi amathathu eminyaka kodwa ubunyani bokuhlala apho nakwindawo ekufuphi nayo busaphikisana. Ngelixa le ndawo inabantu, ikwalikhaya lemithombo yendalo kunye nemfuyo. Ngoku ubukho nobuninzi bezilwanyana zasendle ngamathemba amatsha alo mmandla uqalekisiweyo. Kodwa kwelinye icala, ungcoliseko lweradiyo lendalo luyingozi kubo.
Impembelelo kwizilwanyana zasendle kunye nokwahluka kwezilwanyana:
Abahlali bommandla waseChernobyl basuswa kwakamsinya emva kwenyikima eyabulala abantu eyenzeka phantse kwiminyaka engama-34 eyadlulayo. Nangona kunjalo, kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba kukhutshwe ubomi basendle ngokupheleleyo kwimimandla eqhumayo. Ngenxa yoko, lo mmandla wokukhutshwa kweChernobyl uye waba yindawo ebalulekileyo kubaphandi bezinto eziphilayo kunye nabaphandi. Ngoku abaphandi abaninzi balapha ukuze bafunde iindawo zokuhlala ezinemitha ye-radioactive kunye nokumisela ukufana kwabo noluntu oluqhelekileyo lokuhlala.
Okubangela umdla kukuba, ngo-1998, iintlobo ezithile zeentlobo zamahashe ezazingasekho zaye zakhululwa kuloo mmandla. Olu hlobo lwehashe lubizwa ngokuba lihashe likaPrzewalski. Kuba abantu abahlali apha, kwagqitywa ekubeni kuvulwe la mahashe kwingingqi ukulungiselela iimfuno zohlobo lwamahashe asendle. Iziphumo nazo zaziyanelisa ncam.
Ukusukela oko abantu bahlala phantsi, indawo leyo iba yindawo efanelekileyo yezilwanyana. Uninzi luchaza njengecala eliqaqambileyo lwengozi yaseChernobyl. Kungenxa yokuba kwelinye icala, indawo ayinakuhlala abantu, kodwa kwelinye icala, idlala indima ebalulekileyo njengendawo yokuhlala ekhuselekileyo yezilwanyana. Ngaphandle koku, iyantlukwano kwiintyatyambo nakwizilwanyana zayo inokuqatshelwa apha.
A ingxelo yi-National Geographic ngowama-2016 Utyhile isifundo kwizilwanyana zasendle kwingingqi yaseChernobyl. Iingcali zebhayoloji ziqhube umsebenzi wokubeka esweni iiveki ezintlanu apho. Into enomdla kukuba, izilwanyana zasendle zabanjwa kwikhamera yazo. Inoludwe olubanzi lweentlobo ezahlukeneyo ezibandakanya inyathi enye, iihagu zasendle ezingama-1, iimbila ezili-21, iingcuka ezingama-9 ezingwevu, izilwanyana ezilishumi, amahashe njalo njalo. Kodwa phakathi kwazo zonke ezi zinto, umbuzo uhleli malunga nokuba ichaphazele kangakanani imitha kwezi zilwanyana.
Njengoko izifundo zibonisa, ifuthe lokusasazeka kwerediyo kwizilwanyana zasendle eChernobyl ngokuqinisekileyo ayisiyondlela imnandi. Zininzi iindidi zamabhabhathane, oonomeva, iintothoviyane kunye nezigcawu ezikhoyo kule ndawo. Kodwa iziphumo zotshintsho kwezi ntlobo ziphezulu kunesiqhelo ngenxa yereactactivity. Nangona kunjalo, uphando lubonisa ukuba i-radioactivity yokuqhuma kweChernobyl ayinamandla njengokuba kunokwenzeka ukuba izilwanyana zasendle ziphele. Ukongeza, ezi zinto zinemitha ye-radio ezichazwe kwindalo esingqongileyo nazo zibe nefuthe elibi kwizityalo.
Uthintelo loNgcoliseko loMbane oluSuka kwiChernobyl:
Kuxelwe ukuba isiciko sesinyithi esiphezulu se-Oven-4 sasiqhushumbe xa kusenzeka ingozi eyoyikisayo. Ngenxa yenyani le, izinto ezinemitha ye-radio zazisakhupha ngomlomo we-reactor, eyayingcolisa imeko-bume eyingozi.
Nangona kunjalo, i emva koko yiSoviet Union Ngokukhawuleza wakha i-sarcophagus, okanye izindlu ezizodwa ezixineneyo ezijikeleze izixhobo, ukuthintela ukugqabhuka kwezinto ezisasazeka ngemitha emoyeni. Kodwa le sarcophagus ekuqaleni yayakhelwe iminyaka engama-30 kuphela, kwaye abasebenzi abaninzi kunye namajoni babephulukene nobomi babo ukwakha olu lwakhiwo ngokukhawuleza. Ngenxa yoko, yayicotha ukubola, ke ngoko, izazinzulu kwafuneka ziyilungise ngokukhawuleza. Kwinkqubo, oososayensi baqala iprojekthi entsha ebizwa ngokuba yi "Chernobyl New Safe Confinement (NSC okanye New Shelter)."
Ukuhlanganiswa okuKhuselekileyo okutsha kweChernobyl (NSC):
Ukuhlanganiswa okuKhuselekileyo okutsha kweChernobyl sisakhiwo esakhelwe ukuvalela intsalela yenombolo yesi-4 yesixhobo sombane kwiChernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, ethathe indawo yesarcophagus endala. Iprojekthi mega yagqitywa ngoJulayi 2019.
Iinjongo zoYilo:
UkuQinisekiswa okuKhuselekileyo okutsha kuyilwe ngezi ndlela zilandelayo:
- Guqula isixhobo seChernobyl seNyukliya saMandla eNyukliya 4 sibe yinkqubo ekhuselekileyo kwindalo esingqongileyo.
- Ukunciphisa umhlwa kunye nemozulu yendawo yokuhlala esele ikho kunye nesixhobo sombane 4.
- Nciphisa iziphumo zokuwa okunokubakho kwesisele esele sikhona okanye isixhobo sombuyisi 4, ngakumbi ngokubhekisele kuthuli olunemitha ye-radio oluya kuveliswa kukuwa okunjalo.
- Yenza udiliseko olukhuselekileyo lwezinto esele zikho kodwa ezingazinzanga ngokubonelela ngezixhobo ezisebenza kude ukuba zidilizwe.
- Ukufaneleka njenge inyukliya I sixhobo.
Ukubekwa phambili koKhuseleko:
Kuyo yonke le nkqubo, ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi kunye nokuchazwa ngemitha ngemisebe zezona zinto ziphambili ziphambili abanikwe zona ngabasemagunyeni, kwaye isalandela ukugcinwa kwayo. Ukwenza oko, uthuli lwe-radioactive kwindawo yokuhlala lujongwa lonke ixesha ngamakhulu eenzwa. Abasebenzi 'bommandla wengingqi' baphatha iidosi ezimbini, enye ibonisa ukubonakaliswa kwexesha lokwenyani kunye nolwazi lwesibini lokurekhoda kwilog yedosi yomsebenzi.
Abasebenzi banemiqathango yemihla ngemihla kunye nonyaka yokuvezwa kwemitha. Iidosi zabo ze-beeps ukuba umda ufikelelwe kwaye ukufikelela kwindawo yomsebenzi kucinyiwe. Umda wonyaka (i-20 millisieverts) unokufikelelwa ngokuchitha imizuzu eli-12 ngaphezulu kophahla lwe-sarcophagus ka-1986, okanye iiyure ezimbalwa ujikeleze itshimini yawo.
Isiphelo:
Intlekele yaseChernobyl ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo sisibhambathiso esoyikekayo kwimbali yehlabathi. Kwakubi kakhulu ukuba ifuthe lisekho kule ndawo icineneyo kwaye i-radioactivity icotha kakhulu kodwa isasazeka apho. Izinto ezinemitha yeathom ezigcinwe ngaphakathi eChernobyl Power Plant zihlala zinyanzelisa eli lizwe ukuba licinge ngezinto eziyingozi zeradiactivity. Ngoku idolophu yaseChernobyl yaziwa ngokuba yidolophu yesiporho. Yinto eqhelekileyo leyo. Kuphela zizindlu zekhonkrithi kunye neendonga ezinamabala ezimi kule ndawo ingenabantu, zifihla uloyiko mnyama-edlulileyo phantsi komhlaba.
