Daahfurka qabuuraha da'da Bronze barrow ee Salisbury, England

Horumarinta guriyeynta cusub ee Salisbury ayaa daaha ka qaaday hadhaaga qabuuraha wareega weyn ee barrow iyo muuqaalka muuqaalka.

Wiltshire waxaa si wanaagsan loogu aqoonsaday barrows da'da Bronze, gaar ahaan kuwa laga helo gudaha goobta Dhaxalka Adduunka Stonehenge iyo carrada Cranborne Chase. Taas bedelkeeda, wax yar ayaa laga yaqaan goobaha la midka ah ee u dhow magaalada dhexe ee Salisbury.

Daahfurka qabuuraha da'da Bronze barrow ee Salisbury, England 1
Godka giraanta dhexe ee Aagga 1, waxaa qodaya kooxda Andover ee CA. © Cotswold Archeology / Isticmaal Caadil ah

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Vistry dhismaha guri cusub oo la dego oo ku yaal duleedka Harnham, xaafad ku taal koonfurta Salisbury, ayaa oggolaatay in la soo saaro qayb ka mid ah hadhaagii qabuuraha wareeg ee weyn ee barrow iyo muuqaalkeeda muuqaalka.

Barrows wareega ayaa markii hore la sameeyay intii lagu jiray xilligii Neolithic, laakiin badidood waxaa la sameeyay xilligii Beaker iyo Early Bronze Ages (2400 - 1500 BC) waxayna caadi ahaan ka kooban yihiin xabaal dhexe, tuulmo, iyo godad isku xiran.

Dhexroorkoodu wuxuu u dhexeeyaa wax ka yar 10m ilaa 50m la yaab leh, inta badana celcelis ahaan 20-30m. Shaqooyinkooda dhulku sidoo kale way kala duwan yihiin, qaarna waxay leeyihiin tuulmo waaweyn oo dhexe ('gambaleelka gambaleelka'), kuwa kalena waxay leeyihiin tuulooyin yaryar oo udub dhexaad ah iyo bangi dibadda ah ('barrows disc'), iyo kuwo kale oo leh godad dhexe ('barrow barrows').

Godadkoodu waxay soo saari lahaayeen wax loogu talagalay tuulmada barrow, taas oo ka samaysan lahayd tamaashiirta, wasakh iyo cawska. Barrows waxay caadi ahaan ku xiran yihiin qabuuraha; Qaar ka mid ah waxaa ku jira hal qof oo keliya, halka kuwa kalena ay leeyihiin aasno xiriir ah iyo, marar dhif ah, dhowr xabaal.

Daahfurka qabuuraha da'da Bronze barrow ee Salisbury, England 2
Aragtida barrows hoostooda. © Cotswold Archeology / Isticmaal Caadil ah

Waddada Netherhampton ayaa dhammaan la simay qarniyo badan oo beeralay ah oo hadda waa godad godad ah, in kasta oo kow iyo toban xabaal iyo saddex gubasho oo aan la gubin ay badbaadeen.

Xabaaluhu waxay ka kooban yihiin ilaa labaatan ama in ka badan oo barrows kuwaas oo ka soo baxa cidhifka Harnham ee heerka dooxada Nadder, kor iyo guud ahaan buurta tamaashiirta ku hareeraysan oo ku taal xadka waqooyiga ee muuqaalka Cranborne Chase.

Khubarada cilmiga qadiimiga ah waxay qodeen shan ka mid ah xabaalaha xabaalaha, kuwaas oo u habaysan kooxo yaryar oo lammaane ah ama kooxo lix ah ama wax ka badan. Ugu yaraan saddex ka mid ah barrowsyadayada ayaa si weyn loo dheereeyey, midna wuxuu ku bilaabmay god yar oo oval ah kaas oo ugu dambeyntii lagu beddelay god wareeg ah.

Qaabka ovalku wuxuu soo jeedinayaa in barrow dambe uu ahaa Neolithic, ama lagu dhisay aagga Neolithic. Xabaal-wadareed xarunteedu ku taal waxa ku jiray hadhaaga qalfoofka dadka waaweyn iyo carruurta; qabuuraha noocan oo kale ah waa wax aan caadi ahayn, iyo la'aanta alaabta xabaasha, waxaa lagu beegsan doonaa shukaansiga radiocarbon. Barrow ayaa shaaca ka qaaday laba xabaal oo kale, oo labaduba lahaa xabaalo Beaker ah, kuwaas oo ay u badan tahay in la soo saaray bilowgii da'da Bronze.

Daahfurka qabuuraha da'da Bronze barrow ee Salisbury, England 3
Archaeologist Jordan Bendall, oo qodaya geedaha qudhaanjada. © Cotswold Archeology / Isticmaal Caadil ah

Barrow oval ah ayaa gooyay godadka Neolithic oo leh khasnado cawl cawl cas. Diirada deerada ayaa aad loo qiimeeyay waxaana loo isticmaali jiray in lagu dhiso fargeeto gacmeed ama fargeeto iyo roogag leh gacmo adag oo toosan. Waxa kale oo loo qaabeeyey sidii shanlooyinka iyo biinanka, agabka iyo hubka sida madaxyada dhogorta iyo gogosha, waxaana loo isticmaali jiray caadooyin.

Khubarada lafaha xoolaha iyo lafaha shaqeeya ayaa baari doona kuwan si ay u eegaan in ay jiraan wax caddayn ah oo muuqda oo jabniin ula kac ah ama qaababka xidhashada. Kuwani waxay muujin karaan wax ka beddelka isticmaalka, sida burrsyada iyo tiinnada loo isticmaalo duubista dhagaxyada, sida dubbaha, ama cadaadiska dhagaxyada la jeexjeexo si loo sameeyo qalab.

Daahfurka qabuuraha da'da Bronze barrow ee Salisbury, England 4
Saxon waterhole hoostiisa waxaa qodaya Chris Ellis. © Cotswold Archeology / Isticmaal Caadil ah

Labada barrow ee kale ee dariska ah ayaa ka maqan qabuuro udub dhexaad u ah, lagana yaabo inay sabab u tahay burbur ay geysteen qarniyo badan oo beeraley ah. Saddexdani waa qayb ka mid ah koox ballaadhan oo barrows ah, oo leh saddex ama afar kale oo u muuqda calaamado dalagga dhinaca woqooyi ee Waddada Netherhampton.

Dhisme sifaysan oo go'ay - oo laga yaabo in loo isticmaalo gabaad ahaan, aqoon-is-weydaarsi, ama dukaan iyo godad biyood ayaa sidoo kale laga helay qaybtan goobta. Cilmi-baadhayaashu waxay daaha ka qaadeen alwaaxyada shaqada ee lagu ilaaliyo biyaha-goobyada, iyo sidoo kale dheriga Saxon, iyo mindida birta, waxaana laga yaabaa in laga soo ururiyo ceramics Roman, oo ku yaal gunta hoose ee godka biyaha.

Gobolka labaad wuxuu daaha ka qaaday barxad beerashada ('lynchet') taariikhda da'da birta ee suurtagalka ah, taas oo aan caadi ahayn Wiltshire, iyo sidoo kale aag da'da Bronze-da ilaa degitaanka da'da birta oo leh in ka badan 240 godad iyo godad dambe.

Godadku inta badan waxa loo isticmaali jiray qashin-qubka, inkastoo qaarkood laga yaabo in lagu kaydiyo hadhuudh badarka; Waxyaalaha laga soo saaray godadkaas ayaa caddaynaya sida ay bulshadani u noolayd oo ay dhulka u beeran jirtay.

Daahfurka qabuuraha da'da Bronze barrow ee Salisbury, England 5
Sawirka hawada ee Aagga 2, wuxuu muujinayaa labada godadka giraanta iyo godadka godadka. © Cotswold Archeology / Isticmaal Caadil ah

Aagga 2 sidoo kale waa meesha ay cilmi-baarayaasha qadiimiga ah ay daaha ka qaadeen barrows haray. Mid ka mid ah wuxuu ahaa bohol fudud oo lagu xardhay meel hore oo buur lagu dhaqay; Qabuuro guban ayaa laga helay godka iyo hareerihiisa.

Barrow kale ayaa lagu xardhay tamaashiirta, xarunteeduna waxa la dhigay meel qumman, iyada oo kor u qaadaysa aragtida dhulka hoose ee dooxada Nadder ee webiga.

Xarunteedu waxa ku yiil xabaal xad-gudub ah oo ilmo, kaas oo ay la socotay weelka cuntada ee nooca 'Yorkshire', oo loogu magacdaray astaamihiisa xarrago leh iyo cadadka qurxinta.

Habkan markabka, sida magacaba ka muuqata, aad ayuu ugu baahay waqooyiga Ingriiska waxaana laga yaabaa inuu tilmaamo in dadku ay dhaqaaqeen masaafo aad u badan.

Falanqaynta isotopes-ka qalfoofka waxay sheegi kartaa in ilmuhu ku dhashay aagga ama uu ku koray meel kale. Waxaa hubaal ah, in qofkii abuuray dheriga lagu duugay ubadka uu yaqaannay dhoobada aan deegaanka ahayn.

Daahfurka qabuuraha da'da Bronze barrow ee Salisbury, England 6
Fallaadha Neolithic ee daahay iyo qayb ka mid ah wareegtada da'da Bronze ee dambe. © Cotswold Archeology / Isticmaal Caadil ah

Barrow-kani waxa uu ka kooban yahay godadka Neolithic ee ay ku jiraan weelka Grooved Ware, kaas oo ka yimid dhawr magaalo oo ku yaal Orkney qiyaastii 3000 BC ka hor intaysan ku fidin Ingiriiska iyo Ireland.

Waxaa sidoo kale ka faa'idaystay dhisayaashii Stonehenge iyo xayndaabyada waaweyn ee darbiyada Durrington iyo Avebury. Godadkan waxa had iyo jeer ka kooban raadka walxaha burburay iyo kuwa gubtay, hadhaaga xafladaha, iyo shay aan caadi ahayn ama naadir ah.

Godadka Netherhampton ma aha mid ka reeban, soona saaraya qolof qolof ah, kubbad dhoobo ah oo soo jiidasho leh, denticulate micro' - asal ahaan wax yar oo dhagax ah - iyo saddex fallaadho British Oblique ah, kuwaas oo caan ahaa intii lagu jiray xilligii Neolithic.

Marka qodista hadda la dhammeeyo, kooxda qodista ka dib waxay bilaabi doonaan falanqaynta iyo baadhista walxaha la qoday.

Daah-furkani waxa uu iftiimin karaa iftiin cusub oo ku saabsan sida ay noloshu goobtan ahayd xilligii Bronze age iyo sida ay dadku u noolaayeen oo ay isula dhaqmeen. Waxaan ku faraxsanahay inaan aragno waxa kale ee la daboolay iyadoo cilmi-baarayaasha qadiimiga ay sii wadaan inay ka shaqeeyaan goobta.