Kubudirira kweSao yaive tsika yechinyakare iri muCentral Africa, munzvimbo iyo nhasi ine chikamu chenyika dzeCameroon neChad. Vakagara pedyo neRwizi Chari, ruri kumaodzanyemba kweLake Chad.
Vanhu vemazuva ano veKotoko, dzinza riri muCameroon, Chad, neNigeria, vanoti dzinza kubva kuSao yekare. Maererano negamuchidzanwa ravo, vaSao vakanga vari rudzi rwehofori yaimbogara munzvimbo iri kumaodzanyemba kweLake Chad, pakati penharaunda dziri kuchamhembe kweNigeria neCameroon.
Zvishoma zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa zveSao
Izwi rekuti 'Sao' rinogona kunge rakatanga kuiswa muzvinyorwa mukati mezana ramakore rechi 16 AD. Muzvinyorwa zvake zviviri (zvose zvakanyorwa muchiArabic), The Book of the Bornu Wars uye The Book of the Kanem Wars, mukuru Imam weBornu Empire, Ahmad Ibn Furtu, akatsanangura nzendo dzehondo dzamambo wake, Idris Alooma. .
Vaya vanhu vakakundwa nekukundwa naIdris Alooma vaiwanzonzi 'Sao', 'vamwe' vaisataura mutauro weKanuri (mutauro wechiNilo-Saharan).
Vagari ava, vangangove vekutanga vagari venzvimbo iyi, vakataura mumwe kana mumwe mutauro weChadic, wakabva mukushanduka kweCentral Chadic mutauro sub-mhuri.
Mabasa aIbn Furtu anopawo rumwe ruzivo nezve nzira iyo Sao yakarongeka. Kunze kwehumbowo hunoratidza kuti vakaumbwa kuita dzinza remadzitateguru, zvinonzi maSao akarongwa kuita nzanga dzakarongwa uye dzepakati, zvichiratidza hutungamiriri. Idzi zvematongerwo enyika dzainzi madzishe kana humambo, zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu.
Mukuwedzera, vaSao vakarekodhwa kuti vaigara mumataundi maduku akanga akadzivirirwa nemigero nemirwi yevhu, nokudaro vachikarakadza kuti vangave vaishanda semaguta.
Idris Alooma paakaita mauto ake, maguta eSao aive padyo neBornu heartland akakundwa ndokupinzwa mudunhu reBornu. Avo vaiva nechokunze, zvisinei, vakanga vakaoma zvikuru kutonga zvakananga, uye imwe nzira yakashandiswa.
Panzvimbo pekukunda mataundi aya, vakamanikidzwa kuita chinzvimbo, uye mumiriri wedunhu reBornu akagadzwa kuti atarisire hurumende yenzvimbo. Naizvozvo imwe tsananguro yekudzikira kweSao inogona kunge iri kuburikidza nekufungidzira.
An ethnographer uye inonakidza art
Kunyange zvazvo Ibn Furtu akapa ruzivo rwemazuva ekupedzisira eSao, mavambo evanhu ava haana kubatwa nemunyori wenhoroondo uyu. Makanga muri muzana ramakore rechi20 bedzi apo vanochera matongo vakatsvaka kupindura uyu mubvunzo.
Mumwe wevanochera matongo aiva Marcel Griaule, mutungamiri weFrench Dakar-Djibouti Expedition (1931-1933). Semunhu anoongorora ethnographer, Griaule akafadzwa netsika dzechivanhu dzemarudzi aigara muChadic plain uye akaunganidza muromo wavo. Aya akabva aturikirwa nekuburitswa seLes Sao Legendaires.
Pakanga pari nekuda kwebhuku iri iro pfungwa ye'Sao Civilization' kana 'Sao Tsika' yakagadzirwa uye yakakurumbira. Iyi pfungwa ye'tsika' yakaratidzwa mumabasa eunyanzvi akabudiswa nevanhu vayo. Nokudaro, rwendo rwaGriaule rwainyanya kunetseka nekutsvaga zvidimbu zveunyanzvi zvakagadzirwa neSao.
Griaule haana kuodzwa mwoyo, sezvo Sao yakabudisa chifananidzo chinonakidza muvhu, hombe, midziyo yekeramic yakanyatsopiswa, uye zvishongo zvakanaka zvemunhu muvhu, mhangura, simbi, mhangura yakasanganiswa nendarira (ona mufananidzo wakaratidzwa).
Nekushandisa dhiyabhorosi data, Griaule akakwanisa kutsigira ethnohistorical scenarios akatokurukura nezvekubudirira kweSao. Aya ethnohistorical scenarios akashandiswawo kududzira humbowo hwekuchera matongo.
Iyi nzira yedenderedzwa yaiti kutama ndiyo injini yeshanduko yetsika, uye haina kuita zvishoma kubatsira manzwisisiro edu ekwakabva nekushanduka kwe 'Sao Civilization'.
Mariro maitiro eSao
Uchapupu hwekuchera matongo hunoratidza kuti vaSao vakaviga vakafa vavo. Tsika yekuisa chitunha panzvimbo ye "fetus" mukati mehari yevhu yaiitwa kubva kumakore 12-13 AD. Chirongo cherufu chakavharwa nekuisa chimwe chirongo kana kuti poto duku ine mazai pamusoro. Zvisinei, gamuchidzanwa iri rakaregwa nezana ramakore rechi 15 apo kuviga kwakapfava kwakava muitiro.
Kuchera kutsva kunogadzira nguva yeSao uye yakakamurwa
Imwe nzira yesainzi yakashandiswa muma1960 panguva yekucherwa kweMdaga, uye pfungwa ye'Sao Civilization' yakavakirwa pamifananidzo yakabviswa. Zvakabuda pakuchera zvakaratidza kuti Mdaga yakagarwa kubva kuma 450 BC kusvika 1800 AD.
Zvakanga zvisingaite kufunga nezvenguva yakareba kudaro yebasa pasi pemusoro we'Sao Civilization', uye zvakawanikwa kubva kuMdaga zvakaperekedzwa nekuchera paSou Blame Radjil. Kubudirira kweSao kwakawanikwa kusiri boka rimwe chete, asi rakaumbwa nenharaunda zhinji dzaigara mudunhu reLake Chad.
Zvakadaro, tsika dzechinyakare dzinofa dzakaoma, uye izwi rekuti 'Sao Civilization' richiri kushandiswa nanhasi, nenguva yekuvapo kwayo inowanzonzi 'mukupera kwezana ramakore rechitanhatu BC kusvika kuzana ramakore rechi 6 AD.'
Pakazara, kune anopfuura 350 Sao nzvimbo dzekuchera matongo dzinofungidzirwa kuti dziripo mukati Chad neCameroon. Mazhinji emasaiti akawanikwa anoumbwa neakarebesa kureba kana denderedzwa mounds.
Nyanzvi yezvokuchera matongo uye ethnologist, Jean Paul Lebeuf, akaronga nzvimbo dzeSao dzaakadzidza mumhando nhatu. Idzo dzeSao 1 dzinonzi idiki, mirwi yakaderera yaishandiswa senzvimbo dzekunamatira kana tsika. Zvidhori zvidiki zvinowanikwa panzvimbo idzi.
Sao 2 nzvimbo dzaive nemirwi mikuru yaive nemadziro. Ndidzo dzaive nzvimbo dzekuvigwa uye zvidhori zvakawanda zvakabatana nenzvimbo idzi. Pakupedzisira, nzvimbo dzeSao 3 dzinofungidzirwa kuti ndidzo dzazvino uye dzakaburitsa mashoma, kana aripo, akakosha akawanikwa.
Nepo pave nezvakawanda zvakawanikwa zvakapfuura zveSao statuettes uye zvidimbu zveunyanzvi, pachine kushomeka kweruzivo rwenhoroondo yeiyi yakaoma budiriro yekare.
