Muna 2008, hwendefa revhu recuneiform ― iro rakashamisa nyanzvi kwemakore anopfuura 150 ― rakashandurwa kekutanga. Tafura iyi yava kuzivikanwa kuva yemazuva ano yekuSumerian yekuona kukanganiswa kweasteroid paKöfels, Austria. Asi hapana crater munharaunda yeKöfels, saka kumaziso emazuva ano haiite senge saiti yekukanganisa inofanirwa kutaridzika, uye chiitiko cheKöfels chinoramba chiri fungidziro kusvika nhasi. Saka, uchapupu hwakajeka huri pahwendefa revhu re<em>cuneiform uhwo hwakashamisa vatsvakurudzi vepakutanga hunoramba husinganzwisisike!
Iyo Sumerian Planisphere - yakakanganwa Star Mepu
Mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 19, hwendefa rematombo rakatenderedzwa rinotaridzika zvinoshamisa rakawanwa kubva mu650 BC pasi peraibhurari yaMambo Ashurbanipal muNinevhe, Iraq, naHenry Layard. Yagara ichifungidzirwa kuti ihwendefa reAsiriya, kuongorora kwekombuta kwakaifananidza nedenga riri pamusoro peMesopotamia muna 3,300 BC uye yakaratidza kuti ndeyekare zvakanyanya kubva kuSumerian.
Kwemakore anopfuura 150 masayendisiti akaedza kugadzirisa chakavanzika cheiyi gakava revhu recuneiform iro rinoratidza icho chinodaidzwa kuti chiitiko cheKöfel chakaonekwa nevaSumer munguva dzakare. Chakanga chiri chiitiko chinoshamisa apo asteroid yakareba-kiromita yakarovera muAlps, pedyo neKöfels, Austria makore anopfuura 5,600 apfuura.
Hwendefa i "Astrolabe," chimbo chekutanga chinozivikanwa chenyeredzi. Inoumbwa nechikamu chakakamurwa, chakaita diski-nyeredzi chati ine mamaki ezviyero zveakona zvakanyorwa pamuromo. Nehurombo, zvikamu zvakawandisa (zvingangoita makumi mana muzana) zvepuratifomu pahwendefa iri zvisipo, kukuvara kunosvika pakupambwa kweNinevhe. Reverse yepiritsi haina kunyorwa.
Iyo yekare budiriro yeSumerian inogona kunge yaive isina kusimukira mupfungwa yechinyorwa chakanyorwa, semuenzaniso, asi ivo zvechokwadi vainzwisisa nyeredzi nedenga rehusiku kune imwe nhanho. Uye izvi zvinoonekwa kubva kune iyi mazana mashanu nemazana matanhatu emakore Sumerian Star Mepu.
Ichiri kuongororwa nenyanzvi dzazvino uno, hwendefa recuneiform riri muunganidzwa weBritish Museum No K8538 - inozivikanwa se "iyo Planisphere" - inopa humbowo hunoshamisa hwekuvapo kweyeredzi yekuSumerian.
10 zvinonakidza chokwadi nezve Sumerian Planisphere
Kunyangwe yakawanikwa anopfuura makore zana nemakumi mashanu apfuura, iyo Sumerian Planisphere yakashandurwa makore gumi chete apfuura, ichiratidza chekare chinyorwa kucherechedzwa kwechinhu chekunze kwenyika chakabva muchadenga ndokumhara pasi peNyika - comet. Pano, mune ino chinyorwa, zvimwe zvezvakanyanya kukosha nezve iyi yekare Sumerian Star Mepu.
1 | Zuva chairo rekuita kwecomet
Zvinyorwa zvehwendefa zvinopa zuva uye nguva chaiyo yezvinofungidzirwa kuitika kwemeteor paNyika: June 29, 3123 BC, maererano nezvinyorwa.
2 | Matongo eRoyal Library yaMambo Ashurbanipal akabata mamwe mahwendefa 20,000 kusanganisira Sumerian Planisphere.
Mahwendefa ekare anopfuura 20,000 150 akafukunurwa nevanochera matongo pavakachera nzvimbo yekare yeguta reNinevhe, iyo yakatora makore anoverengeka kuti ipere. “Planisphere,” iyo yatiri kutaura nezvayo nhasi, inodavirwa zvikuru kuti ndiyo yakaoma zvikuru kududzira. Neraki, makore zana nemakumi mashanu gare gare, zvinyorwa zvakasara zvakashandurwa, zvichiratidza hupfumi hweruzivo izvo zvaisazivikanwa kare.
3 | Iyo Planisphere ikopi chaiyo yeiyo yekutanga
Vatsvakurudzi vanodavira kuti Planisphere yakafanana nehwendefa rekare rakagadzirwa nenyanzvi yenyeredzi uye anoona chiitiko chaicho muupenyu hwake.
4 | Mutsara wemifananidzo misere unoratidza chiitiko chose, kubva pakuonekwa kwekometi kusvika pakuita kwayo
Pasinei nekudzikira kwaro (inenge masendimita gumi nemana mudhayamita), piritsi reSumerian Star Mepu rinoratidza zvine hungwaru mafambiro ezviitiko nekuripatsanura kuita zvidimbu zvisere kana mifananidzo. Inenge hafu yezvinyorwa zvakaparadzwa nekufamba kwenguva, asi zvikamu zvakasara zvaigona kushandurirwa pachishandiswa teknolojia yemazuva ano. Pasinei nehukuru hwayo uye pamusoro, musiki wehwendefa akakwanisa kubudisa huwandu hunoshamisa hwemashoko pamusoro pezvakaonekwa uye zvazvinoreva.
5 | Kune mifananidzo yemapoka enyeredzi uye mazita awo anonzwisisika paSumerian Star Mepu
Hazvina mhosva kuti isu tinofunga kuti madzitateguru edu ekare aive asina kugadzirwa sei, asi chokwadi ndechekuti vaive nekunzwisisa kwepamusoro kwedenga rehusiku nemapoka enyeredzi kupfuura zvatinofunga. Kune mifananidzo yenyeredzi paPlanisphere, pamwe chete nemazita avo uye pavari maererano nenzira yekometi yekufamba chaizvo. Mufananidzo wechitatu, semuenzaniso, unoratidza kuti comet yakapfuura nemuOrion pazuva rechipfumbamwe rekucherechedza.
6 | Nyanzvi yenyeredzi yekare yaishandisa zviyero zvetrigonometrical zvakarurama
Muongorori wenyeredzi wekare aive nekunzwisisa kwakanakisa kwetrigonometry uye akakwanisa kunyora nzira yekubhururuka yekometi, nguva yekusvika, uye chinhambwe chafambwa kubva payakatanga kuoneka mudenga.
7 | Mifananidzo mishanu yekutanga inotsanangura mazuva makumi maviri ekucherechedzwa kwenyeredzi
Izvo zvatove zvataurwa kuti piritsi racho rakakamurwa kuita zvidimbu zvisere kana mifananidzo, iyo inoratidzwa nenzira inoteedzana. Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti iyo data yakapihwa muhurongwa uhu, kubva pakutanga kusvika kune yechishanu, inosanganisira zvakacherechedzwa kubva pakuona kwekutanga kwezvenyeredzi kusvika pakupera kwezuva 20 risati raitika zuva remakumi maviri nerimwe. Saka, kometi inoratidzwa mumifananidzo iyi mishanu ichionekwa pamusoro pedenga.
8 | Mufananidzo wechitanhatu newechinomwe unotsanangura kukanganiswa kwazvinoita uye mhedzisiro yacho
Kunyange zvazvo mucherechedzi wacho asina kuona mabatiro acho ari kure nekuti zvaizoreva kuguma kwehupenyu hwake, akatsanangura kupenya kwemwenje mudenga uye nekukwira kukuru kwemadota nekuda kwekudhumhana, kwakanyorwa pa tablet. Mukupfupisa, mufananidzo wechinomwe unotora zvese zvezviitiko zvakaitika panguva yehusiku zvichitevera kudonha kwemeteor. Kuseri kwedenga, dota dzvuku rinopenya uye huruva mbiru inokwira pamusoro pemvura, inoonekwa murima.
9 | Mufananidzo wechisere, unova wekupedzisira kupfura, unosanganisira kuverenga kweiyo comet nzira yekufamba
Muongorori wenyeredzi wekare haana kupedzisa kucherechedza kwake kusvikira aita fungidziro dzechokwadi dzekufamba kwekometi isati yabonderana nePasi. Yakanga iri pazuva rechi21 rekucherechedza mushure meiyo mufananidzo wechisere wakagadzirwa mushure mekuita. Pane zvina zvakacherechedzwa pakubhururuka kwecomet kwakatorwa masikati machena nguva pfupi isati yaitika njodzi yaratidzwa pamufananidzo uyu. Zvinoshamisa kuti, kutevedzana kwose kwemashoko akanyorwa pahwendefa racho kunopfuura kushamisa, kunyanya tichifunga kuti muunganidzwa wose wezvakacherechedzwa wakaitwa makore anopfuura 5,200 XNUMX apfuura.
10 | Iyo comet inotsanangurwa paSumerian Star Mepu inogona kunge yakaunza magumo kune akati wandei ekare budiriro
Meteors akakonzera kutsakatika kwehupenyu paPasi kakawanda munhoroondo, uye masayendisiti anofungidzira kuti kometi iyi inogona kunge yakakanganisa hupenyu munyika yekare. Kunyanya, guta rekare reAkkad, iro vanochera matongo vasati vakwanisa kuwana, rinogona kunge rakaparadzwa zvachose necomet impact. Kunyangwe nzvimbo chaiyo yeguta iri rengano kubva kare haisati yazivikanwa, zvisinei, zvinogoneka kuti rakaparadzwa nekuti raive padyo nenzvimbo yekukanganisa. Kometi yakangobvisa zvese zvese.
Iyo Hwendefa yeK8535 ingave mhinduro kune hofori isinganzwisisike yakadonha paKöfels?
Kukoromoka kukuru kwakavakirwa paKöfels muAustria kwakakora mita mazana mashanu uye makiromita mashanu muhupamhi uye kwakagara kuri chakavanzika kubvira pakatarisa mageologist kutanga kwezana ramakore rechi500. Mhedziso yakakweverwa nekutsvaga pakati pezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri yaive yekuti inofanirwa kunge iri nekuda kwenzvimbo huru kwazvo yemeteor nekuda kwehumbowo hwekupwanya kumanikidza nekuputika.
Asi maonero aya akarasikirwa nenyasha sekunzwisisa kuri nani kwenzvimbo dzesimba dzakagadziriswa mukupedzisira kwezana ramakore rechi20. Nekudaro, humbowo hwakajeka hwakanyorwa paSumerian Planisphere K8535 piritsi inounza dzidziso yekukanganisa kuitazve. Handizvo here?
mhedziso
Hwendefa reK8535 ikopi yekupedzisira yeBhabhironi yehwendefa rekutanga reSumeria. Gwaro rekutanga, rinoonekwa sekukosha kwakanyanya, rakateedzerwa anopfuura makore 2,500 XNUMX.
Kometi yakacherechedzwa yakapfuura iyo Pleiades, Aldebaran, yakaenderera mberi ichienda kuOrion uye ndokupedzisira yapunzika mune yepamusoro-soro, yekudiridza-based yekurima budiriro yeAkkad neSumer, muna 3123 BC, ichiparadza humambo hweAkkadia neguta rayo guru reAgade.
Inenge makumi mana muzana piritsi rakashayikwa. Neraki, nzira yese yekubhururuka kometi inochengetedzwa. Zvikamu zvakaputsika zvinonyanya kubata nekucherechedza zvine chekuita nekwavo uye nekukanganisa kwakangoitika mumashure, vachinyora zvinogona kuoneka kubva pashongwe yekucherechedza, vakatarisa kunzvimbo yekuparara. Ruzivo irwo rwakakwana kuvaka patsva zvakadzama comet kumberi uye maitiro maitiro maitiro.
Iyo K8538 chapupu account inofanirwa kutorwa sechimwe chikamu chakakura chakachengetedzwa che "Mesopotamian city mariche", ayo anoshuma kupera kweAkkad neSumer nedutu rakakura remuchadenga.
Uku kuchema kwaidzidziswa pachikuva kuruzhinji pamusoro pemamirioni, zvichiperekedzwa nedhirama kumashure. Maitiro avo enhetembo ekuchema akarasisa vakasiyana-siyana venguva ino assyriologists kuti vafunge kuti iwo magwaro haasi chinhu asi anonakidza enhetembo uye enhema fungidziro, uye kuti pakanga pasati pambove nemhepo inoparadza muSumer, vachiramba kucherechedzwa kwemazana ezvapupu zvezvakaitika.
Piritsi rekucherechedza reK8538 rakagadzirwa nemunhu asingazivikanwe wekuongorora nyeredzi weSumerian, uyo akanzwa kukosha kwechiitiko chechiitiko pashongwe yake yekutarisa uye akafunga kuzvinyora. Vanyori Bond naHempsell vakamupa zita rekuti "Lugalansheigibar - murume mukuru akaona denga."
Maitikiro ake ezve trigonometrical anopupurira comet nzira uye nekukanganisa kwayo kwepasi. Neichi chikonzero, K8538 yakachengetedzwa, kudzoreredzwa nekuteedzerwa pamusoro pemireniyamu. Hwendefa racho rinoratidza huwandu hwepamusoro hwesainzi uye nyeredzi hwasvika makore zviuru zvina apfuura.
Nhasi, kukosha chaiko kweK8538 hakusi kungogumira munhoroondo. Iyo zvakare yakakosha zvakanyanya nhasi uye neramangwana revanhu zvakare, nekuti inobata mairi yakasarudzika uye yakaringana yekutarisa kwenjodzi ye cosmic asteroid, inokanganisa Nyika.
