Kuvumbulutsa manda a Bronze Age barrow ku Salisbury, England

Wiltshire imadziwika bwino chifukwa cha mabala ake a Bronze Age, makamaka omwe amapezeka mkati mwa World Heritage site. Stonehenge ndi pa chalklands of Cranborne Chase. Mosiyana ndi izi, ndizochepa zomwe zimadziwika za masamba ofanana ndi mzinda wakale wa Salisbury.

Komabe, Vistry ndi Kumanga nyumba yatsopano kunja kwa Harnham, kum'mwera kwa Salisbury, kwalola kuti anthu afukule manda akuluakulu a barrow ndi malo ake.

Mipiringidzo yozungulira idapangidwa nthawi ya Neolithic, koma yambiri idapangidwa mu Beaker ndi Early Bronze Ages (2400 - 1500 BC) ndipo imakhala ndi manda apakati, mulu, ndi dzenje lotsekeka.

Kutalika kwawo kumatha kukhala kochepera 10m mpaka 50m modabwitsa, ndipo ambiri amakhala 20-30m. Zomangamanga zawo zimasiyananso, pomwe ena amakhala ndi zitunda zazikulu zapakati ('mabelu a belu'), ena okhala ndi timizere tating'ono ndi mabanki akunja ('disc barrows'), pomwe ena amakhala ndi ma hollows apakati ('pond barrows').

Miyendo yawo ikanatulutsa zinthu zopangira chulu, chomwe chikanapangidwa ndi choko, dothi, ndi turf. Miyala nthawi zambiri imalumikizidwa ndi manda; ena amaphatikizapo munthu mmodzi, pamene ena amaika maliro angapo ndipo, mwa apo ndi apo, amaika maliro angapo.

Mabala a Netherhampton Road onse anali atayimitsidwa ndiulimi kwazaka zambiri ndipo tsopano ndi ngalande, ngakhale kuti maliro khumi ndi limodzi ndi atatu omwe sanatembenuzidwe apulumuka.

Mandawa ali ndi mipiringidzo pafupifupi makumi awiri kapena kuposerapo yomwe imayambira m'mphepete mwa Harnham pachigwa cha Nadder, kukwera ndi kudutsa phiri lozungulira choko lomwe lili kumalire a kumpoto kwa malo a Cranborne Chase.

Akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale angokumba mitsuko isanu yokha ya manda, yomwe imakonzedwa m’timagulu ting’onoting’ono ta awiriawiri kapena magulu a anthu asanu ndi mmodzi kapena kuposerapo. Pafupifupi mabala athu atatu atalikitsidwa kwambiri, ndipo imodzi inayamba ndi dzenje lozungulira pang'ono lomwe potsirizira pake linalowedwa m'malo ndi dzenje lozungulira.

Mawonekedwe ozungulira akuwonetsa kuti barrow yomalizayo inali ya Neolithic, kapena idamangidwa kudera la Neolithic. Manda ambiri pakatikati pake anali ndi mafupa a akulu ndi ana; manda oterowo ndi achilendo, ndipo chifukwa cha kusowa kwa manda, adzakhala akulimbana ndi chibwenzi cha radiocarbon. Barrow adawulula manda ena awiri, onse omwe anali ndi maliro a Beaker, omwe mwina adapangidwa koyambirira kwa Bronze Age.

Mbalame yowulungika idadula maenje a Neolithic okhala ndi nsonga zofiira za nswala. Mbawala za nswala zinali zamtengo wapatali kwambiri ndipo zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zotola zamanja kapena mafoloko ndi ma rake ndi zogwirira zowongoka za matabwa olimba. Anapangidwanso kukhala zisa ndi zikhomo, zida ndi zida monga mitu ya mace ndi mattocks, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa miyambo.

Akatswiri a mafupa a nyama ndi mafupa ogwiritsidwa ntchito adzafufuza izi kuti awone ngati pali umboni woonekeratu wosweka mwadala kapena kuvala. Izi zitha kuwonetsa zosinthidwa zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito, monga zomangira ndi zingwe zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito podulira mwala, monga nyundo, kapena kukakamiza kwamiyala kupanga zida.

Mabole ena awiri oyandikana nawo analibe manda apakati, mwina chifukwa cha kuwonongeka komwe kunabwera chifukwa chaulimi wazaka mazana ambiri. Zitatuzi ndi gawo la gulu lalikulu la mabala, ndi ena atatu kapena anayi akuwoneka ngati zokolola kumpoto kwa Netherhampton Road.

Nyumba yomwe ingathe kukhala yomira - yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati pogona, malo ogwirira ntchito, kapena sitolo ndi dzenje lamadzi linapezedwanso m'derali. Ochita kafukufuku anapeza matabwa ogwira ntchito omwe amasungidwa ndi madzi, komanso mbiya ya Saxon, ndi mpeni wachitsulo, ndipo akhoza kusonkhanitsidwa zoumba zachiroma, pansi pa dzenje lamadzi.

Chigawo chachiwiri chinavumbulutsa malo olimapo ('lynchet') omwe angatheke kumapeto kwa Iron Age, zomwe sizachilendo ku Wiltshire, komanso dera lakumapeto kwa Bronze Age kupita ku Iron Age lomwe lili ndi maenje ndi ma postholes oposa 240.

Maenjewo ankagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri potayira zinyalala, ngakhale kuti ena ankawasungirako dzinthu; zinthu zopezedwa m’maenjewa zidzapereka umboni wa mmene mudziwu unkakhalira ndi kulima minda.

Area 2 ndi pomwe akatswiri ofukula zakale adavumbulutsa mabala otsalawo. Limodzi linali ngalande wamba wosemedwa m'malo ochapira mapiri; manda otenthedwa nawo anapezedwa mkati ndi kuzungulira dzenjelo.

Bwalo linalo linajambulidwa mu chokocho ndipo pakati pake anayikidwa pamalo otsetsereka, ochititsa chidwi kuchokera kumunsi kwa chigwa cha Mtsinje wa Nadder.

Pakatikati pake panali maliro a mwana wakufa, yemwe adatsagana ndi Chotengera Chakudya chamtundu wa 'Yorkshire', chomwe chidatchedwa chifukwa chambiri komanso kukongoletsa kwake.

Mchitidwe wa ngalawa umenewu, monga mmene dzinalo likusonyezera, wafala kwambiri kumpoto kwa England ndipo ungakhale chizindikiro chakuti anthu anasamuka kutali.

Kuwunika kwa ma isotopu a mafupa angadziwe ngati mwanayo anabadwira kumaloko kapena anakulira kwina. Ndithudi, amene anapanga mphika wokwiriridwa ndi mwanayo anali wozoloŵerana ndi mbiya zosakhala za m’deralo.

Bola ili lili ndi maenje odulidwa a Neolithic okhala ndi mbiya ya Grooved Ware, yomwe idayambira m'matauni angapo ku Orkney pafupifupi 3000 BC isanafalikire ku Britain ndi Ireland.

Idagwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi omanga a Stonehenge komanso ma henge akuluakulu a Durrington Walls ndi Avebury. Maenje amenewa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zizindikiro za zinthu zowonongeka ndi zowotchedwa, zotsalira za maphwando, ndi zinthu zachilendo kapena zachilendo.

Maenje a Netherhampton nawonso, akutulutsa chigoba cha scallop, mpira wadongo wochititsa chidwi, wa micro denticulate' - makamaka mwala wawung'ono - ndi mivi itatu ya British Oblique, yomwe inali yotchuka nthawi yonse ya Late Neolithic.

Zofukula zakale zikamalizidwa, gulu lofukula pambuyo pofukula liyamba kusanthula ndi kufufuza zinthu zofukulidwazo.

Kupeza kumeneku kungathe kuwunikiranso momwe moyo unalili m'derali m'nthawi ya Bronze Age komanso momwe anthu ankakhalira komanso kuchitirana zinthu. Ndife okondwa kuwona zomwe zavumbulutsidwa pomwe akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale akupitilizabe kugwira ntchito pamalowa.