Gulugufe ndi imodzi mwa tizilombo tokongola komanso zokondedwa kwambiri padziko lapansi, koma ndi zochepa zomwe zimadziwika kuti zinachokera kuti komanso momwe zinasinthira.
Posachedwapa, asayansi apanganso mtengo wa agulugufe waukulu kwambiri kuposa kale lonse, umene wabweretsa chidziŵitso chatsopano cha makolo a zolengedwa zimenezi.
Kafukufukuyu wasonyeza kuti agulugufe oyambirira anachokera ku njenjete zakale ku North America pafupifupi zaka 100 miliyoni zapitazo.
Pangaea, dziko lapamwamba kwambiri, linali kusweka panthaŵiyo, ndipo North America inagawikana pawiri ndi njira yapanyanja yolekanitsa Kum’maŵa ndi Kumadzulo. Agulugufe anachokera kumalire a kumadzulo kwa kontinenti ino.
Akuti pakadali pano pali mitundu 20,000 ya agulugufe, ndipo mutha kuwapeza kumayiko onse kupatula ku Antarctica. Ngakhale kuti asayansi ankadziwa nthawi imene agulugufe anachokera, sanadziwebe za dera limene anachokera komanso zakudya zawo zoyambirira.
Asayansi, motsogozedwa ndi Akito Kawahara, woyang'anira Lepidoptera (agulugufe ndi njenjete) ku Florida Museum of Natural History, adamanga mtengo watsopano wagulugufe wamoyo potsata mitundu 391 kuchokera ku mitundu yopitilira 2,300 ya agulugufe ochokera kumayiko 90, omwe amawerengera 92% ya odziwika. genera.
Ofufuzawa adasonkhanitsa deta kuchokera kuzinthu zingapo kukhala database imodzi yomwe imapezeka pagulu. Anagwiritsa ntchito mafupa 11 osowa agulugufe monga muyezo kuti atsimikizire kuti nthambi za mtengo wawo wamoyo zimagwirizana ndi nthawi ya nthambi zomwe zimawonetsedwa ndi zokwiriridwa pansi. “Ndilo phunziro lovuta kwambiri limene ndakhalapo nalo, ndipo panafunika khama lalikulu kuti anthu padziko lonse amalize,” anatero Kawahara.
Zotsatirazi, zofalitsidwa pa Meyi 15 m'magazini Nature Ecology & Evolution, zikuwonetsa kuti agulugufe adachokera ku njenjete zamtchire zam'madzi zomwe zidayambika zaka pafupifupi 101.4 miliyoni zapitazo. Izi zimayika agulugufe oyamba pakati pa Cretaceous, kuwapanga kukhala ma dinosaur amasiku ano.
Agulugufe adasinthika ndikufalikira kudera lomwe tsopano limatchedwa South America. Ena anapita ku Antarctica, komwe panthaŵiyo kunali kotentha ndipo anapitirizabe kulumikizana ndi Australia. Iwo anafika kumpoto kwenikweni kwa Australia pamene madera aŵiriwo analekana, njira imene inayamba zaka pafupifupi 85 miliyoni zapitazo.
Agulugufewo adawoloka Bering Land Bridge, yomwe poyambirira idalumikiza Russia ndi North America, ndipo idafika komwe tsopano ndi Russia zaka 75-60 miliyoni zapitazo.
Kenako anasamukira ku Southeast Asia, Middle East, ndi Africa Horn of Africa. Iwo anafika mpaka ku India, chimene panthaŵiyo chinali chilumba chakutali, zaka pafupifupi 60 miliyoni zapitazo.
Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, kukula kwa agulugufe kudayima pamphepete mwa Middle East kwa zaka 45 miliyoni mpaka kufalikira ku Ulaya pafupifupi zaka 45-30 miliyoni zapitazo chifukwa cha zifukwa zosadziwika. Malinga ndi a Kawahara, chiwerengero chochepa cha mitundu ya agulugufe ku Ulaya tsopano poyerekeza ndi madera ena a dziko lapansi chimasonyeza kuima kumeneku.
Kupenda zolemba 31,456 za zomera za agulugufe zinapeza kuti agulugufe oyambirira ankadya zomera za legume. Mbeu za nyemba zimapezeka pafupifupi m'chilengedwe chilichonse, komabe, zambiri zimakhalabe zida zoteteza ku tizilombo. Asayansi amakhulupirira kuti mikhalidwe imeneyi ndi imene yachititsa kuti agulugufe azidya nyemba kwa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri.
Masiku ano, agulugufe amadya zomera za m'mabanja angapo, koma ambiri amamatira ku banja limodzi. Pafupifupi magawo awiri pa atatu a zamoyo zonse zimadya pagulu limodzi, makamaka mabanja a tirigu ndi nyemba. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, kholo laposachedwa kwambiri la nyemba ndi pafupifupi zaka 98 miliyoni, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi chiyambi cha agulugufe.
Pomaliza, mtengo waukulu kwambiri wa agulugufe padziko lapansi walola asayansi kupanganso mbiri yochititsa chidwi ya chisinthiko cha agulugufe. Ndizosaneneka kuganiza kuti agulugufe oyamba adasinthika zaka 100 miliyoni zapitazo komwe tsopano ndi Central ndi North America.
Kafukufukuyu amatipatsa zambiri zokhudza mbiri ya chisinthiko cha agulugufe ndi agulugufe ndipo amatithandiza kumvetsa bwino zamoyo zosiyanasiyana komanso zokongola zimene timaziona zikuyenda mozungulira ife.
Pamene tikupitiriza kuphunzira zambiri za mbiri yawo ndi malo omwe ali panopa, tikhoza kuyesetsa kuwateteza ndi kuwasungira kuti mibadwo yamtsogolo isangalale.
