Pamene tikufulumira m'zochita zathu zatsiku ndi tsiku, nthawi zonse kuyang'ana zamakono zamakono ndi zamakono, zimakhala zosavuta kuiwala zodabwitsa za makolo athu. Zaka XNUMX zapitazo, kale zitsulo zisanabwere, makolo athu akale adapanga zida zakuthwa komanso zolondola kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito chinthu chochititsa chidwi - obsidian. Zinthu zakuda zimenezi zinkakondedwa kwambiri ndi anthu akale chifukwa cha kuthwa kwake komanso kulimba kwake.
Obsidian inali yamtengo wapatali kotero kuti idagulitsidwa pakati pa madera akutali, ndipo nkhondo zinamenyedwa pa izo. Koma, mosiyana ndi zinthu zina zambiri zakale, obsidian sinataye kufunikira kwake pakapita nthawi. N’zochititsa chidwi kuganiza kuti mwala wakale umenewu ukugwiritsidwabe ntchito masiku ano, ndipo nkhani yake ikupitiriza kufotokozedwa.
Mbiri ya zida za obsidian
Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito koyambirira kwa obsidian kungayambike ku Kariandusi, Kenya, ndi madera ena azaka za Acheulian, zomwe zidayamba ku 700,000 BC. Komabe, ndi zinthu zochepa chabe za nthawi imeneyi zomwe zakhala zikugwirizana ndi nthawi ya Neolithic.
Kupanga ma bladelets a obsidian ku Lipari kudafikira kulondola kwambiri kumapeto kwa Neolithic ndipo kudagulitsidwa kudutsa Sicily, kum'mwera kwa mtsinje wa Po, ndi Croatia. Masamba a Obsidian ankagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi ya mdulidwe wamwambo komanso kudula zingwe za umbilical za ana obadwa kumene. Zolemba zikuwonetsa kuti magwero a Anatolian a obsidian adagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Levant komanso masiku ano aku Iraqi Kurdistan kuyambira pafupifupi 12,500 BC. Zotsalira za Obsidian ndizofala ku Tell Brak, amodzi mwamatawuni akale kwambiri ku Mesopotamiya, kuyambira chakumapeto kwa zaka chikwi chachisanu BC.
pambuyo Age Age, pamene dziko linayamba kusintha ndi kutengera mkuwa, mkuwa, ndi zitsulo zopangira zida ndi magulu opita patsogolo, Aaziteki sanatengere zida zachitsulo mosavuta. Panalibe chifukwa chochitira, popeza anali ndi obsidian m'manja mwawo.
Amwenye a Mayan amadziwika kuti amagwiritsa ntchito masamba otsogola kwambiri a obsidian zaka 2,500 zapitazo. Popeza obsidian idzasweka mpaka ku atomu imodzi, akuti ili ndi nsonga yakuthwa kuwirikiza mazana asanu kuposa chitsulo chakuthwa kwambiri, ndipo pansi pa maikulosikopu yokulirapo, tsamba la obsidian limawonekabe losalala, pomwe chitsulo chachitsulo chimakhala ndi macheka ngati m'mphepete. .
Kodi Aaziteki adapanga bwanji zida ndi zida zopangidwa ndi obsidian?
Aaziteki sanafunikire kupanga obsidian; zikhoza kugulidwa mosavuta. Obsidian ndi mtundu wa magalasi omwe alipo mwachilengedwe omwe amatuluka pamene chiphalaphala, chotuluka kuphulika kwa chiphalaphala, chimalimba mofulumira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zisapangike pang'ono.
Mtundu wina wa chiphalaphala chomwe chimayambitsa kupangika kwa obsidian chimatchedwa felsic lava. Chiphalaphala chamtunduwu chimadziwika ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zopepuka monga mpweya, potaziyamu, sodium, silicon, ndi aluminiyamu. Kukhalapo kwa silika mkati mwa chiphalaphala kumabweretsa kukhuthala kwakukulu, komwe kumalepheretsa kufalikira kwa maatomu mkati mwa chiphalaphalacho.
Chodabwitsa ichi cha kufalikira kwa atomiki chimayambitsa gawo loyambirira la mapangidwe a mchere wa kristalo, womwe umatchedwa nucleation. Chiphalaphalacho chikazizira mofulumira, chimasanduka obsidian, galasi lokongola komanso lopangidwa ndi chiphalaphala chophulika. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kuzizira kofulumira, komwe kumapanga mawonekedwe agalasi opanda mawonekedwe a crystalline. Zochitika zachilengedwezi ndi zotsatira zokondweretsa za zochitika za geological za kuphulika kwa mapiri.
Obsidian ali ndi mtundu wosowa wofanana ndi mchere koma osati umodzi weniweni, chifukwa umapanga galasi osati chinthu cha crystalline. Makhalidwe apaderawa amawasiyanitsa ndi mchere wina, wodziwika bwino ngati mawonekedwe ake. Maonekedwe opukutidwa kwambiri, onyezimira a obsidian oyera ndi zotsatira za mawonekedwe agalasi, kuwunikira kuwala kowoneka bwino pamene pamwamba pake kumawala ndi chisangalalo.
Komabe, mtundu wa obsidian umasiyanasiyana chifukwa umakhala wosiyanasiyana, umadziwonetsera mumitundu, mitundu, ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana kutengera kukhalapo kwa zonyansa monga chitsulo kapena magnesiamu mkati mwa chiphalaphala. Izi zimatha kutulutsa mithunzi yakuda, yobiriwira, yofiirira, kapena yakuda, yomwe ingawoneke ngati yamizeremizere, zomwe zimawonjezera luso laluso pamawonekedwe a mcherewo.
Mu zida, obsidian koyera amawonetsa kunja kwake kwakuda ndi konyezimira, kukumbukira pakati pausiku komanso kukongola kodabwitsa. Izi zimawonjezera kukopa kwa mcherewu ndikupangitsa kuti ukhale mwala wamtengo wapatali womwe anthu ambiri amawafuna.
Kugwiritsa ntchito obsidian kuyambira nthawi yakale mpaka masiku ano
Munthawi za Neolithic, trepanation - kapena kuboola dzenje m'chigaza - ankaganiziridwa kukhala mankhwala kuchilichonse kuyambira khunyu mpaka mutu waching'alang'ala. Ikhozanso kukhala njira yopangira opaleshoni yadzidzidzi pamabala ankhondo. Koma pali kuganizabe Pazifukwa zenizeni zomwe zidayambitsa njirayi modabwitsa, chomwe chimadziwika ndikuti chida chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri popanga opaleshoni yachikale chidapangidwa kuchokera ku chinthu chakuthwa kwambiri chomwe chimapezeka m'chilengedwe: obsidian.
Obsidian imatha kupanga m'mphepete mwake nthawi zambiri kuposa ma scalpels abwino kwambiri achitsulo. Pa ma angstroms 30 - gawo la muyeso wofanana ndi zana limodzi miliyoni la centimita - scalpel ya obsidian imatha kulimbana ndi diamondi m'mphepete mwake.
Mukaganizira kuti malezala ambiri apanyumba ndi angstroms 300 mpaka 600, obsidian amatha kuyidula ndi zida zakuthwa kwambiri zomwe nanotechnology ingapange. Ngakhale lero, ochepa madokotala opaleshoni akugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wakalewu (ngakhale US FDA sinavomereze kugwiritsa ntchito masamba a obsidian popanga opaleshoni anthu chifukwa cha kufooka kwawo komanso chiwopsezo chachikulu chothyoka poyerekeza ndi masamba achikhalidwe achitsulo) kuti achite zodula zomwe amati kuchiritsa ndi kuchepa kochepa.
Mwanjira ina, mipeni ya obsidian ndi yakuthwa kwambiri mpaka imadula pama cell. Chifukwa cha izi, zikagwiritsidwa ntchito m'chipatala, zodulidwa ndi tsambalo zimachira msanga popanda zipsera zochepa. Ndipo chofunika kwambiri, amakhala akuthwa ngakhale atakwiriridwa pansi kwa zaka zikwi zambiri. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwake kodabwitsa kumatikumbutsa kuti njira zakale kwambiri zogwirira ntchito zidakali ndi malo m'dziko lathu lamakono.
Kodi obsidian ingakhale yosalala komanso yakuthwa bwanji kuposa chitsulo chonona?
Chitsulo pafupifupi nthawi zonse chimapangidwa ndi makhiristo ambiri osiyana (njere zazing'ono), osati imodzi yayikulu. Chitsulo chikang'ambika, nthawi zambiri chimasweka pakati pa makhiristo osiyana. Obsidian ili ndi pafupifupi makhiristo akuluakulu okwanira kuti akhudze kuphulika kwa zinthuzo ndipo ndichifukwa chake imasweka bwino komanso mwamphamvu. Chifukwa obsidian ilibe makhiristo, sichimaphwanya mizere ya kufooka kwa zinthuzo, imangophwanyika pamzere wa kupsinjika komwe kunayambitsa kupasuka.
Ichi ndichifukwa chake zinthu za obsidian ndi zofananira zimawonekera conchoidal fractures. Mukayang'ana mawonekedwe a obsidian wosweka, mukuyang'ana mawonekedwe a shockwave yomwe idasweka. Mukayang'ana mawonekedwe a zitsulo zina zosweka, mukuyang'ana pang'onopang'ono mawonekedwe a shockwave yomwe inasweka, koma makamaka pa mizere ya kufooka pakati pa zitsulo zopanda ungwiro ndi zolumikizira pakati pa makristasi ake.
Ngati ndi kotheka kunola chitsulo mosamala kwambiri kuti zisapangitse kuti ziphwanyike, mphamvu yaying'ono ingakhale yokwanira kugwetsa makhiristo osachirikizidwa pamalo ake. Ngati mumanola chitsulo kuti m'mphepete mwake mukhale woonda kuposa kukula kwake kwa kristalo, ndiye kuti palibe zambiri zomwe zimagwira m'mphepete mwa makhiristo chifukwa sakhalanso zokhoma. Chifukwa chake, sizingatheke.
Kutsiliza
Tikamaganizira za kulimba komanso kuthwa kwa obsidian, timasiyidwa ndikudabwa ndi cholowa chosatha cha makolo athu akale. Kuchokera kwa Amwenye a Mayan kupita ku Stone Age osaka mikondo, luntha lodabwitsa komanso luso la makolo athu akale zikuwonekera pogwiritsa ntchito chida chodabwitsa komanso chothandiza.
Masiku ano, tikupitirizabe kudalira obsidian ngati gwero lamtengo wapatali, tikudabwa ndi luso lake lokhala ndi malire apamwamba kwambiri kuposa zitsulo zapamwamba kwambiri. Tikamalemekeza luso la anthu amene anabwera patsogolo pathu, timakumbutsidwanso za kufunika koyang’ana zakale kaamba ka chitsogozo, chilimbikitso, ndi zida zimene timafunikira kupanga tsogolo labwino.
