Akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale ku Israel apeza umboni wochititsa chidwi wa opaleshoni ya muubongo yomwe inachitidwa m’nthawi ya Late Bronze Age, yomwe inayamba zaka 3,500 zapitazo. Kutulukira kumeneku kunapezeka mumzinda wakale wa Megido, womwe unkakhalamo anthu m’nthawi ya Bronze Age. Zofukulazo zinatsogoleredwa ndi gulu lochokera ku yunivesite ya Brown ya Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology and the Ancient World.
Kupezeka kwa opaleshoni yaubongo m'nthawi zakale ndizosowa, ndipo zomwe zapezeka posachedwazi zimapereka mwayi wopatsa chidwi pazachipatala za anthu akale. Ofufuzawa akukhulupirira kuti opaleshoniyi inkachitika kalekale pofuna kuchepetsa zizindikiro za khunyu, zomwe anapeza pa chigaza chimodzi.
Mu 2016, akufukula malo a mbiri yakale - pansi pa nyumba ya Late Bronze Age - akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale adapeza zotsalira za abale awiri achichepere omwe amakhala ku Megido cha m'ma 15 BC. Gululo linapeza kuti mmodzi wa abalewo anachitidwa opaleshoni yapakhosi patangopita nthawi yochepa kuti amwalire.
Opaleshoniyo imaphatikizapo kudula nsonga, kusema mizere inayi yodutsana mu chigaza kuti apange dzenje looneka ngati lalikulu lomwe ochita kafukufuku amakhulupirira kuti linapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito chida chaching’ono chokhala ndi nsonga yakuthwa, mwina ndi dokotala wophunzitsidwa bwino. The trephination ili pamwamba pa chigaza cha munthu, pamwamba pa mphumi ndipo mwachionekere anali chitsanzo choyambirira cha njira yotero mu Ancient Near East.
Zotsalirazo zinkasonyezanso zizindikiro zosonyeza kuti munthuyo analinso ndi vuto la cranial cranial, mwina chifukwa cha chida chosamveka, opaleshoniyo asanachitidwe. Chigaza cha munthuyo chinali chitapola, ndipo anakhalabe ndi moyo zaka zingapo asanamwalire.
Kupezeka kwa opaleshoni ya ubongo m'nthawi zakale kumakhala kosangalatsa kwambiri, chifukwa zimasonyeza kuti ngakhale kale, anthu anali okhoza kuchita zachipatala zapamwamba. Ofufuzawo akukhulupirira kuti opaleshoni imeneyi inachitidwa ndi madokotala apadera amene anathandiza kwambiri anthu akale.
Zomwe zapezazi zidasindikizidwa mu International Journal of MITU YOYAMBA, kukambirana mchitidwe ndi mphamvu ya maopaleshoni otere m’nthaŵi zakale. Iwo adati, "Kupezeka kwa trephination pa Munthu 1 kumayimiranso kulowererapo kwachilendo komanso kwapamwamba komwe kukuwonetsa mwayi wopeza chithandizo cha dotolo wophunzitsidwa bwino yemwe adapereka chithandizochi posachedwa imfa. Motero kunjenjemera kumeneku kumaunikira mmene zinthu zamoyo zinachitikira komanso mmene anthu amakhalira kalekalelo.”
Komabe, ochita kafukufukuwo adawona kuti pali zambiri zomwe akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale ayenera kuwulula pazaka zapitazi za 200 kuti adziwe zambiri za trephination.
Mwachitsanzo, sizikudziwika chifukwa chake ma trephinations ena amakhala ozungulira, kuwonetsa kugwiritsa ntchito kubowola kwa analogi, pomwe ena ndi amzere kapena atatu. Komanso, sizikudziwika kuti anthu akale ankafuna kuchiritsa chiyani komanso mmene chithandizocho chinalili chofala m’chigawo chilichonse.
Malinga ndi zimene mbiri yakale inanena, mzinda wa Megido unali pa msewu waukulu wa pamtunda wotchedwa Via Maris umene unkagwirizanitsa Iguputo, Siriya, Mesopotamiya ndi Anatolia zaka 4,000 zapitazo. Pofika m’zaka za m’ma 19 B.C.E., mzindawu unali utasanduka umodzi mwa chuma cholemera kwambiri m’derali chifukwa unali ndi akachisi, nyumba zachifumu, zipata, mipanda yolimba kwambiri, ndi zina zambiri. Ndipo zotsalira za abale awiriwa, malinga ndi ochita kafukufuku, zinachokera kumalo okhala pafupi ndi nyumba yachifumu ya Bronze Age ku Megido, kusonyeza kuti iwo anali nzika zapamwamba ndipo mwinamwake ngakhale mafumu.
Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsanso kufunika kwa zofukula zomwe zikuchitika, komanso kufunika kofufuza zotsalira za anthu akale. Mwa kupenda zidutswa za mafupa ndi zinthu zakale zakale, akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale angaphatikize pamodzi umboni wokhudza madera akale ndi zikhulupiriro zawo, zochita zawo, ndi chidziŵitso chamankhwala.
Kupeza kumeneku kwa opareshoni yaubongo ya mbiri yakale kwatsegula njira yatsopano yofufuzira ndi zomwe apeza pankhani ya paleopathology, yomwe imaphatikizapo kuphunzira zamatenda akale ndi matenda, ndikuwulula momwe anthu adasinthira ndikusinthira kuti apulumuke.
Pamene luso lamakono likupita patsogolo, ndipo ndi zatsopano zomwe zatulukira, pali zambiri zoti tiphunzire za zakale zathu zakale, ndi zomwe zingakhudze mbiri yathu yachipatala ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu.
