Chitukuko cha Anasazi, chomwe nthawi zina chimatchedwanso Ancestral Puebloans, ndi chimodzi mwa zitukuko zakale zochititsa chidwi komanso zodabwitsa ku North America. Anthuwa ankakhala kum’mwera chakumadzulo kwa dziko la United States kuyambira cha m’ma 1 AD mpaka m’zaka za m’ma 13 AD, ndipo anasiya zinthu zambiri zakale, zomangamanga, ndi zojambulajambula. Komabe, mosasamala kanthu za kufufuza ndi kufufuza kwa zaka makumi ambiri, zambiri zokhudza chitaganya chawo zidakali chinsinsi. Kuyambira pa kumangidwa kwa nyumba zawo za m’matanthwe kufikira ku zoumba zawo zocholoŵana za mbiya ndi zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo, pali zambiri zoti tiphunzire ponena za Anasazi. M’nkhaniyi, tipenda zinsinsi za chitukuko chakalechi ndi kuulula zomwe tikudziwa zokhudza moyo wawo, komanso kufufuza zinsinsi zambiri zomwe zimawazungulira.
Chiyambi: Anasazi anali ndani?
Anasazi ndi chitukuko chodabwitsa chakale chomwe chinkakhala ku America Southwest. Iwo ankakhala m’dera limene panopa limatchedwa Four Corners dera la United States, lomwe lili ndi mbali zina za Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, ndi Utah. Ena amakhulupirira mbiri ya Anasazi inayamba pakati pa 6500 ndi 1500 BC mu nthawi yomwe imadziwika kuti Archaic. Zimasonyeza chikhalidwe cha Anasazi chisanachitike, ndi kufika kwa magulu ang'onoang'ono a anthu oyendayenda m'chipululu m'chigawo cha Four Corners. Amakhulupirira kuti akhala m’derali kwa zaka zoposa chikwi chimodzi, kuyambira pafupifupi 100 AD mpaka 1300 AD.
Liwu lakuti “Anasazi” ndi liwu la Chinavajo limene limatanthauza “akale” kapena “adani akale,” ndipo silinali dzina limene anthu ameneŵa ankadzitcha okha. Anasazi ankadziwika chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chawo chapadera komanso chapamwamba, chomwe chinali ndi luso la zomangamanga, zoumba, ndi ulimi. Iwo anamanga nyumba zokhalamo zokongoletsedwa ndi miyala pueblos zomwe zidakalipo lero monga umboni wa luso lawo ndi luso lawo.
Nyumba zamapiri za Anasazi: zimamangidwa bwanji?
Nyumba zokhala m'mapiri a Anasazi ndi zina mwazinthu zochititsa chidwi kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Nyumba zakalezi zinamangidwa ndi anthu a Anasazi zaka XNUMX zapitazo, ndipo zidakalipobe mpaka pano. Nyumba zogona za Anasazi zinamangidwa kumwera chakumadzulo kwa North America, makamaka m'dera lomwe masiku ano limatchedwa Four Corners. Anthu amtundu wa Anasazi anamanga nyumbazi ndi miyala yamchenga ndi zinthu zina zachilengedwe zomwe zinalipo mosavuta m’deralo.
Malo okhala m’mapiriwo anamangidwa m’mbali mwa mapiri otsetsereka, otetezera ku nyengo ndi nyama zolusa. Anthu a Anasazi anagwiritsa ntchito mipangidwe yachilengedwe komanso zinthu zopangidwa ndi anthu pomanga nyumbazi. Anasema zipinda m’matanthwe, kugwiritsira ntchito matope ndi udzu kulimbitsa ndi pulasitala makoma, ndipo anamanga madenga pogwiritsa ntchito matabwa ndi zinthu zina zachilengedwe. Kumangidwa kwa nyumba za m’matanthwezi kunali kodabwitsa kwa uinjiniya ndi luso lamakono panthaŵi yake, ndipo kukupitirizabe kuchititsa chidwi akatswiri a mbiri yakale ndi ofukula za m’mabwinja mpaka lero. Nyumba zokhala m'mapiri a Anasazi sizodabwitsa kokha pakumanga kwawo komanso chifukwa cha mbiri yawo.
Nyumbazi zinapereka malo okhala, chitetezo, ndi mkhalidwe wa kugwirizana kwa Anasazi okhalamo. Analinso malo ofunikira a chikhalidwe ndi chipembedzo kwa anthu a Anasazi, ndipo ambiri a iwo ali ndi zojambula zovuta kwambiri ndi zizindikiro zina zomwe zimapereka chidziwitso pa zikhulupiriro ndi machitidwe akale a chitukuko. Lero, alendo akhoza kufufuza zambiri za malo okhala m’mapiri ameneŵa ndi kupeza chidziŵitso chozama cha anthu a Anasazi ndi njira yawo ya moyo. Zomangamangazi zikupitirizabe kusonkhezera ndi kukopa anthu padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo zikuima monga chitsanzo chotsimikizirika cha nzeru ndi luso la chitukuko cha Anasazi.
Zolengedwa zapadera za Anasazi
Anthu a Anasazi adawonekera ngati fuko pafupifupi cha m'ma 1500 BC. Chidziŵitso chawo ndi luso lawo pankhani ya zakuthambo zinali zochititsa chidwi, pamene anamanga malo oonerapo zinthu kuti aone ndi kumvetsa nyenyezi. Anapanganso kalendala yapadera ya zochita zawo za tsiku ndi tsiku ndi zachipembedzo, akumalingalira zochitika zakuthambo zimene amawona. Komanso, anamanga misewu yocholoŵana, yosonyeza luso lawo lapamwamba pa zomangamanga ndi kuyenda panyanja. Kumbali ina, nyumba zawo zogona zinali ndi dzenje lapakati, lomwe amawona ngati khomo lochokera kudziko lapansi kapena dziko lachitatu, kupita kudziko lachinayi kapena padziko lapansi pano. Zochititsa chidwi izi zikuwonetsa chikhalidwe chapadera ndi luntha la fuko la Anasazi.
Luso ndi mbiya za Anasazi
Chinthu china chochititsa chidwi kwambiri pa chikhalidwe cha Anasazi chinali luso lawo ndi mbiya. Anasazi anali amisiri aluso, ndipo mbiya zawo ndi zina mwa zokongola kwambiri ndi zovuta kwambiri zomwe zinapangidwapo. Choumba cha Anasazi chinapangidwa ndi manja, ndipo chidutswa chilichonse chinali chapadera. Ankagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana poumba mbiya zawo, kuphatikizapo kukulunga, kutsina, ndi kupala. Ankagwiritsanso ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe popanga mitundu muzoumba zawo. Mwachitsanzo, ankagwiritsa ntchito dongo lofiira losakanikirana ndi hematite ya pansi kuti apange mtundu wofiira kwambiri.
Choumba cha Anasazi chinali choposa chinthu chogwira ntchito; inalinso njira yoti Anasazi adziwonetsere mwaluso. Nthawi zambiri ankagwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro mu mbiya zawo zomwe zinali ndi tanthauzo lachipembedzo kapena lauzimu. Mwachitsanzo, ankagwiritsa ntchito zithunzi za nyama, monga kadzidzi ndi ziwombankhanga, zomwe amakhulupirira kuti zili ndi mphamvu zapadera. Anagwiritsanso ntchito mawonekedwe a geometric, monga spirals ndi makona atatu, omwe amaimira kuzungulira kwa moyo ndi chilengedwe. Luso ndi mbiya za Anasazi zimavumbula zambiri za chikhalidwe chawo ndi moyo wawo. Anali anthu amene ankaona kuti kukongola ndi luso lawo n’kofunika kwambiri, ndipo ankagwiritsa ntchito luso lawo pofotokoza zimene amakhulupirira komanso kuchita zinthu zauzimu. Masiku ano, mbiya ya Anasazi imayamikiridwa kwambiri ndi osonkhanitsa ndipo imatengedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pa luso la Native American.
Zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo za Anasazi
Ngakhale kuti anthu a Anasazi ankadziŵika chifukwa cha luso lawo la zomangamanga ndi luso lochititsa chidwi, mwinanso ndi otchuka kwambiri chifukwa cha zikhulupiriro zawo zachipembedzo. Anasazi anakhulupirira dongosolo locholoŵana la milungu yachikazi ndi yachikazi imene inachititsa dziko lowazungulira. Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti chilichonse cha m’dzikoli chili ndi mzimu, ndipo ankagwira ntchito mwakhama kuti mizimu imeneyi ikhale yosangalala. Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti ngati sasangalala ndi mizimu, ndiye kuti zinthu zoipa zidzawachitikira. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti pakhale miyambo yambirimbiri imene inakonzedwa kuti isangalatse milungu yaimuna ndi yaikazi.
Chimodzi mwa malo odziwika kwambiri achipembedzo a Anasazi ndi Chaco Canyon. Tsambali lili ndi nyumba zingapo zomwe zidamangidwa movutikira. Amakhulupirira kuti nyumbazi zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito pazifukwa zachipembedzo ndipo zinali mbali ya zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo. Anasazi anali chikhalidwe chochititsa chidwi chomwe chinali ndi zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo zovuta kwambiri. Mwa kupenda machitidwe awo achipembedzo, tingayambe kumvetsetsa zambiri za chitukuko chakalechi ndi zinsinsi zomwe anali nazo.
Kusowa kodabwitsa kwa Anasazi
Chitukuko cha Anasazi ndi chikhalidwe chochititsa chidwi komanso chodabwitsa chomwe chasokoneza akatswiri a mbiri yakale kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Anapanga zomangamanga zodabwitsa, misewu yovuta, zaluso ndi zikhalidwe zochititsa chidwi, komanso njira yapadera ya moyo, komabe, cha m'ma 1300 AD, chitukuko cha Anasazi chinasowa mwadzidzidzi m'mbiri, ndikusiya mabwinja awo okha ndi zinthu zakale. Kuzimiririka kwa Anasazi ndi chimodzi mwa zinsinsi zazikulu kwambiri za ku North America ofukula zinthu zakale. Mosasamala kanthu za ziphunzitso zambiri zochititsa chidwi, kuphatikizapo kuloŵerera kwa dziko lakunja, zimene zaperekedwa, palibe amene akudziwa motsimikiza chifukwa chake Anasazi anasoŵa.
Ofufuza ena amakhulupirira kuti anakakamizika kuchoka chifukwa cha zinthu zachilengedwe monga chilala kapena njala. Ena amakhulupirira kuti anasamukira kumadera ena, mwina kutali monga ku South America. Komabe, ena amakhulupirira kuti anathetsedwa ndi nkhondo kapena matenda. Imodzi mwa nthanthi zosangalatsa kwambiri ndi yakuti Anasazi anali mikhole ya chipambano chawo. Ofufuza ena akukhulupirira kuti njira zothirira zotsogola za Anasazi zinawapangitsa kugwiritsira ntchito nthaka mopambanitsa ndi kuwononga chuma chawo, ndiyeno kusintha kwa nyengo pamapeto pake zidapangitsa kugwa kwawo.
Ena amakhulupirira kuti Anasazi ayenera kuti anazunzidwa ndi zikhulupiriro zawo zachipembedzo kapena zandale. Ngakhale kuti pali ziphunzitso zambiri, kutha kwa Anasazi kudakali chinsinsi. Zimene tikudziwa n’zakuti Anasazi anasiya chikhalidwe chambiri chimene chikupitiriza kutichititsa chidwi ndi kutilimbikitsa masiku ano. Kupyolera m’zojambula zawo, kamangidwe kawo, ndi mbiya, tingathe kuona dziko lakale kwambiri koma losaiwalika.
Kodi a Puebloan amakono ndi mbadwa za Anasazi?
Anthu a ku Puebloan, kapena a Pueblo, ndi Amwenye Achimereka kumwera chakumadzulo kwa United States omwe amagawana miyambo yofanana yaulimi, chuma, ndi chipembedzo. Pakati pa Pueblos komwe kuli anthu panopa, Taos, San Ildefonso, Acoma, Zuni, ndi Hopi ndi ena mwa odziwika kwambiri. Anthu a ku Pueblo amalankhula zilankhulo zochokera m'mabanja anayi a zilankhulo zosiyanasiyana, ndipo Chipueblo chilichonse chimagawidwanso mwachikhalidwe ndi machitidwe apachibale ndi ulimi, ngakhale kuti onse amalima chimanga chamitundumitundu.
Chikhalidwe cha Ancestral Puebloan chagawidwa m'madera atatu kapena nthambi, kutengera malo:
- Chaco Canyon (kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa New Mexico)
- Kayenta (Northeast Arizona)
- Northern San Juan (Mesa Verde ndi Hovenweep National Monument - kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Colorado ndi kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Utah)
Miyambo yamakono ya Pueblo pakamwa imanena kuti Ancestral Puebloans anachokera ku sipapu, kumene anachokera kudziko lapansi. Kwa zaka zosadziŵika, iwo anali kutsogozedwa ndi mafumu ndi kutsogozedwa ndi mizimu pamene anamaliza kusamuka kwakukulu m’kontinenti yonse ya North America. Anakhazikika koyamba kumadera a Ancestral Puebloan kwa zaka mazana angapo asanasamukire kumadera omwe ali pano.
Choncho, zikuwonekeratu kuti anthu a Pueblo akhala ku America Southwest kwa zaka zikwi zambiri ndipo amachokera ku Ancestral Pueblo anthu. Kumbali ina, mawu akuti Anasazi nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutanthauza anthu amtundu wa Pueblo, koma tsopano amapewedwa. Chifukwa chakuti Anasazi ndi liwu la Chinavajo limene limatanthauza Anthu Akale kapena Adani Akale, motero anthu a ku Pueblo amakana ilo.
Kutsiliza
Pomaliza, Anasazi anali chitukuko chapadera, chotsogola komanso chosamvetsetseka chomwe chinasiya zinthu zambiri zochititsa chidwi ndi zochititsa chidwi za zomangamanga, zakuthambo, ndi zauzimu. Ngakhale kuti anakwanitsa kuchita zimenezi, n’zochepa kwambiri zimene zimadziwika ponena za anthu a Anasazi. Chikhalidwe chawo ndi moyo wawo zimakhalabe chinsinsi, ndipo akatswiri a mbiri yakale ndi akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale akuyesera kuti agwirizane pamodzi kuti aphunzire zambiri za chitukuko chakale. Zimene tikudziwa n’zakuti anali alimi aluso, osaka nyama, ndi otchera minda, ndipo ankakhala ndi moyo mogwirizana ndi malowo, akumagwiritsira ntchito chuma chake m’njira yokhazikika.
Komabe, chinsinsi cha kuchoka kwawo mwadzidzidzi m’derali sichinatsimikizikebe, komabe choloŵa chawo chikuwonekerabe m’zikhalidwe za mafuko amtundu wa Ahopi lerolino. Koma zimenezi sizikukwanira kutsimikizira kuti Anasazi anangonyamula zikwama zawo n’kunyamuka kupita kumalo ena. Maluso awo a uinjiniya ndi zomangamanga, komanso kumvetsetsa kwawo zakuthambo, zinali zochititsa chidwi kwambiri tikaganizira za nthawi imene anakhalako. Nkhani ya Anasazi imatumikira monga umboni wa luntha ndi kulenga kwa anthu, ndi chikumbutso cha mbiri yathu yogawana ndi anthu akale omwe anabwera ife tisanakhalepo.
