Manda a Senenmut ndi malo ochititsa chidwi a mbiri yakale ku Egypt wakale omwe adakopa chidwi cha akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale komanso akatswiri a zakuthambo. Manda ( Theban tomb no. 353) ali kumpoto kwa msewu wopita ku kachisi wa Hatshepsut ku Deir el-Bahri ku Thebes, ndipo anamangidwa mu ulamuliro wa Mfumukazi Hatshepsut, yemwe analamulira Igupto kuyambira 1478 mpaka 1458 BC. Senenmut anali munthu waudindo wapamwamba pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Hatshepsut, ndipo ankanenedwanso kuti anali katswiri wa zakuthambo. Mandawa amadziwika ndi madenga ake okongoletsedwa bwino ndi makoma, omwe amawonetsa zochitika zosiyanasiyana za moyo wa Senenmut ndi zomwe wachita, kuphatikiza imodzi mwamapu akale kwambiri a nyenyezi.
Mapu a nyenyezi ndi gawo lapadera la manda a Senenmut, ndipo pakhala pali zokambirana zambiri komanso kutanthauzira. Mapuwa akukhulupirira kuti ndi chithunzi chakale kwambiri cha thambo la usiku la ku Iguputo, ndipo amapereka chidziŵitso chofunika kwambiri cha sayansi ya zakuthambo ndi zakuthambo ku Igupto wakale. M'nkhaniyi, tiwona mbiri yakale ya zakuthambo ku Egypt wakale, tanthauzo la mapu a nyenyezi a Senenmut, komanso mbiri yakale ya zakuthambo zaku Egypt.
Mbiri yakale ya zakuthambo ku Egypt Yakale
Sayansi ya zakuthambo inathandiza kwambiri anthu a ku Igupto wakale, ndipo inali yogwirizana kwambiri ndi chipembedzo ndi nthano. Aigupto ankakhulupirira kuti milungu ndi imene imayang’anira kayendedwe ka nyenyezi ndi mapulaneti, ndipo ankapenda zinthu zakuthambo kuti adziwe nthawi yabwino yobzala ndi kukolola mbewu, komanso kuchita miyambo yachipembedzo. Aigupto analinso ndi luso lopanga makalendala, amene anali ozikidwa pa kufufuza zakuthambo.
Zolemba zakale kwambiri zakuthambo ku Egypt zidayamba nthawi ya Ufumu Wakale, cha m'ma 2500 BC. Aigupto ankagwiritsa ntchito zida zosavuta, monga gnomon ndi merkhet, poyang'ana dzuwa ndi nyenyezi. Anapanganso kalembedwe ka zilembo zoimira nyenyezi ndi magulu a nyenyezi, amene anaikidwa m’magulu mogwirizana ndi malo awo kumwamba.
Kufunika kwa mapu a nyenyezi a Senenmut
Mapu a nyenyezi a Senenmut ndi chinthu chapadera komanso chamtengo wapatali chomwe chimapereka chidziwitso pa zakuthambo ndi zakuthambo zaku Egypt wakale. Mapuwa akusonyeza thambo la usiku monga momwe amaonera kuchokera ku Thebes, ndipo amasonyeza ma decans 36, omwe ndi magulu a nyenyezi omwe amatuluka ndi kulowa ndi dzuwa kwa masiku 10. Ma decans ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Aigupto posonyeza kupita kwa nthawi, ndipo ankagwirizanitsidwa ndi milungu yosiyanasiyana ndi nthano.
Mapu a nyenyezi ajambulidwa padenga la chimodzi mwa zipinda za m’manda a Senenmut, ndipo ndi chithunzi chakale kwambiri chodziwika cha thambo la usiku. Mapuwa agawidwa m’zigawo ziŵiri, thambo lakumpoto mbali imodzi ndi thambo lakum’mwera mbali inayo. Nyenyezi zikuimiridwa ndi timadontho ting’onoting’ono, ndipo magulu a nyenyeziwo amasonyezedwa ngati nyama ndi zolengedwa zongopeka.
Kum'mwera kwa denga kumasonyeza nyenyezi za decanal (magulu ang'onoang'ono a nyenyezi). Palinso magulu a nyenyezi monga Orion ndi Canis Major. Kumwamba, mapulaneti a Jupiter, Saturn, Mercury, ndi Venus onse ali ogwirizana nawo, akuyenda m'mabwato ang'onoang'ono kudutsa mlengalenga. Gawo lakummwera limatanthauza maola a usiku.
Gawo lakumpoto (gawo lakumunsi) limasonyeza gulu la nyenyezi la Ursa Major; magulu ena a nyenyezi akhala osadziwika. Kumanja ndi kumanzere kwake, pali zozungulira 8 kapena 4, ndipo pansi pake pali milungu ingapo, iliyonse itanyamula diski ya dzuwa kulowera pakati pa chithunzicho.
Zolemba zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mabwalo zimawonetsa zikondwerero zoyambirira za mwezi uliwonse pa kalendala yoyendera mwezi, pamene milungu imakhala masiku oyambirira a mwezi woyendera mwezi. Kupatula denga la zakuthambo lomwe linali m'manda ake ku Qurna, zofukula zidavumbulanso mapale 150, kuphatikiza zojambula, mindandanda yosiyanasiyana, malipoti, ndi mawerengedwe.
Association of Egypt nyenyezi
Aigupto anali ndi dongosolo lawo la magulu a nyenyezi, limene linazikidwa pa malo a nyenyezi zakumwamba. Magulu a nyenyeziwo anasanjidwa m’magulu, amene anali ogwirizanitsidwa ndi milungu yosiyanasiyana ndi anthu anthanthi monga momwe ananenera poyamba. Ena mwa magulu a nyenyezi a ku Igupto otchuka kwambiri ndi Orion, yomwe inkagwirizanitsidwa ndi mulungu Osiris, ndi Big Dipper, yomwe inkadziwika kuti "khasu" ndipo imagwirizana ndi nyengo yokolola.
Aigupto analinso ndi zodiac yawo, yomwe inali yozikidwa pa malo a nyenyezi panthaŵi ya chaka pamene mtsinje wa Nile unasefukira. Nyenyeziyo inali ndi zizindikiro 12, ndipo chilichonse chinali chogwirizana ndi nyama zosiyanasiyana, monga mkango, chinkhanira, ndi mvuu.
Udindo wa zakuthambo m'gulu la anthu aku Egypt
Sayansi ya zakuthambo inathandiza kwambiri ku Iguputo wakale, ndipo inali yogwirizana kwambiri ndi chipembedzo, nthano, ndi ulimi. Aigupto ankagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zakuthambo popanga makalendala, amene ankagwiritsidwa ntchito kudziwa nthawi yabwino yobzala ndi kukolola mbewu. Ankagwiritsanso ntchito sayansi ya zakuthambo posonyeza kupita kwa nthawi komanso kuchita miyambo yachipembedzo.
Sayansi ya zakuthambo inalinso mbali yofunika kwambiri pa chikhalidwe ndi luso la Aigupto. Aigupto ankajambula nyenyezi ndi milalang’amba m’zojambula zawo, ndipo ankagwiritsa ntchito zithunzithunzi za zakuthambo pomanga ndi kupanga. Sayansi ya zakuthambo inalinso nkhani ya nthano ndi nthano zambiri, zomwe zinaperekedwa ku mibadwomibadwo.
Poyerekeza ndi mapu ena akale a nyenyezi
Mapu a nyenyezi a Senenmut si chitsanzo chokhacho cha mapu akale a nyenyezi. Zitsanzo zina ndi mapu a nyenyezi zaku Babulo, zomwe zinayambira m'zaka za m'ma XNUMX BC, mapu a nyenyezi achi Greek, omwe adayambira zaka za zana lachisanu BC. Mapu a nyenyezi yaku Sumerian, yomwe inayamba m'zaka za m'ma XNUMX BC, ndi mapu a nyenyezi a palaeolithic, zomwe zinali zaka 40,000. Komabe, mapu a nyenyezi a Senenmut ndi apadera posonyeza magulu a nyenyezi a Aigupto ndi kugwirizana kwake ndi nthano za Aigupto.
Kutanthauzira ndi kukangana kozungulira mapu a nyenyezi a Senenmut
Kutanthauzira kwa mapu a nyenyezi a Senenmut kwakhala nkhani yotsutsana kwambiri pakati pa akatswiri. Ena amatsutsa kuti mapuwa anagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida chothandizira kufufuza zakuthambo, pamene ena amakhulupirira kuti kwenikweni anali chithunzi chophiphiritsira cha zakuthambo. Akatswiri ena amanenanso kuti mapuwa ankagwiritsa ntchito kukhulupirira nyenyezi chifukwa Aiguputo ankakhulupirira kuti nyenyezi n’zokhudza kwambiri zochita za anthu.
Mbali ina yotsutsana ndi kufunikira kwa ma decans omwe akuwonetsedwa pamapu. Akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti ma decans ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida chothandizira kusunga nthawi, pamene ena amanena kuti ma decans anali ndi tanthauzo lakuya lophiphiritsira ndipo ankagwirizanitsidwa ndi milungu yosiyanasiyana ndi nthano.
Kodi Senenmut anali ndani?
Senenmut anali munthu wamba yemwe anali ndi ubale wapamtima ndi banja lachifumu la Aigupto. Kukongoletsa kochititsa chidwi kwa denga la manda (TT 353) kumatipangitsa kudabwa kuti Senenmut anali munthu wotani. Kuphatikiza pa kukhala mlangizi wachifumu, akatswiri ambiri a mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti Senenmut analinso katswiri wa zakuthambo. Koma kodi anali ndi ubale wotani ndi Mfumukazi Hatshepsut?
Senenmut adabadwa kwa makolo odziwa kulemba, azigawo, Ramose ndi Hatnofer. Chodabwitsa n’chakuti, iye analandira maina aulemu pafupifupi zana limodzi, kuphatikizapo “Mdindo wa Mkazi wa Mulungu”, “Msungichuma Wamkulu wa Mfumukazi” ndi “Mdindo Wamkulu wa mwana wamkazi wa Mfumu.” Senenmut anali mlangizi wapamtima komanso mnzake wokhulupirika wa Mfumukazi Hatshepsut. Analinso mphunzitsi wa mwana yekhayo wa Hatshepsut ndi Thutmosis II, mwana wamkazi, Neferu-Re. M'ziboliboli zopitilira 20, akuwonetsedwa akukumbatira Neferu-Re ali mwana.
Akatswiri ambiri a ku Aigupto oyambirira anaganiza kuti mkulu wa boma wa Hatshepsut, wachinsinsi, Senenmut, ayenera kuti analinso wokondedwa wake. Akatswiri ena a mbiri yakale amanenanso kuti mwina anali bambo wa Neferu-Re. Komabe palibe umboni wotsimikizirika wosonyeza kuti ubale pakati pa Hatshepsut ndi Senenmut unali kugonana, zomwe zimapangitsa olemba mbiri ena kunena kuti Senenmut adapeza mphamvu ndi chikoka chotero chifukwa anali mkulu wa boma la khoti la Hatshepsut.
Mbiri ya manda a Senenmut ndi yosadziwika bwino. Mpaka chaka cha 16 cha ulamuliro wa Hatshepsut kapena Thutmosis III, Senenmut adagwirabe ntchito zake; ndiye, chinachake chinachitika. Njira zake zidatayika, ndipo manda ake osamalizidwa (TT 353) adatsekedwa ndikuwonongeka pang'ono. Malo ake enieni sakudziwika.
Cholowa cha zakuthambo zaku Egypt
Cholowa cha zakuthambo cha ku Igupto wakale chikuwonekerabe lero pakumvetsetsa kwathu kwamakono zakuthambo. Aigupto anali aluso kupenyerera zakuthambo usiku, ndipo anathandiza kwambiri kuti timvetsetse kayendedwe ka nyenyezi ndi mapulaneti. Anapanganso makalendala apamwamba kwambiri ndiponso ankagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zakuthambo posonyeza mmene nthawi imayendera.
Anthu a ku Iguputo nawonso anali oyambitsa maphunziro a masamu ndi geometry, zomwe zinali zofunika kwambiri pofufuza zakuthambo. Anagwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chawo cha masamu ndi geometry kupanga zida zapamwamba zoyezera ngodya ndi mtunda, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza zakuthambo.
Ntchito zamakono za zakuthambo zaku Egypt
Kuphunzira zakuthambo zakale zaku Egypt kuli ndi ntchito zofunikira mu zakuthambo zamakono ndi zakuthambo. Luso la Aigupto loona zakuthambo usiku limapereka chidziŵitso chofunika kwambiri cha kayendedwe ka nyenyezi ndi mapulaneti. Makalendala awo ndi njira zosungira nthaŵi zagwiritsiridwanso ntchito monga maziko a makalendala amakono.
Kuphunzira zakuthambo zaku Igupto wakale kulinso ndi tanthauzo lachikhalidwe komanso mbiri yakale. Aigupto anali otsogola pa chitukuko cha sayansi ya zakuthambo ndi masamu, ndipo zomwe akwaniritsa zikupitirizabe kulimbikitsa ndi kuchititsa chidwi akatswiri ndi anthu onse.
Kutsiliza: Chifukwa chiyani mapu akale kwambiri odziwika bwino amafunikira
Pomaliza, mapu a nyenyezi a Senenmut ndi chinthu chapadera komanso chamtengo wapatali chomwe chimapereka chidziwitso chofunikira pa zakuthambo ndi zakuthambo zaku Egypt wakale. Mapuwa ndi akale kwambiri osonyeza zakuthambo usiku, ndipo akusonyeza magulu a nyenyezi a ku Iguputo ndi ma decans, omwe anali ofunika kwambiri posunga nthawi komanso pazifuno zachipembedzo.
Maphunziro a zakuthambo akale a ku Aigupto ali ndi ntchito zofunikira pa zakuthambo zamakono ndi cosmology, komanso ali ndi tanthauzo la chikhalidwe ndi mbiri yakale. Aigupto anali otsogola pa chitukuko cha sayansi ya zakuthambo ndi masamu, ndipo zomwe akwaniritsa zikupitirizabe kulimbikitsa ndi kuchititsa chidwi akatswiri ndi anthu onse.
Ngati mukufuna kudziwa zambiri za zakuthambo zaku Egypt komanso mapu a nyenyezi a Senenmut, pali zambiri zomwe zikupezeka pa intaneti komanso zosindikizidwa. Pophunzira zomwe zitukuko zakale monga Egypt zidakwaniritsa, titha kumvetsetsa bwino za malo athu mu cosmos komanso chikhalidwe cholemera cha anthu.
