Zobisika m'mabwinja akale a Pyrgi, tauni yaing'ono ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Italy, pali chuma chomwe chadodometsa akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale ndi akatswiri a mbiri yakale kwa zaka mazana ambiri - Pyrgi Gold Tablets. Zinthu zodabwitsazi, zopangidwa ndi golide woyenga bwino komanso zolembedwa m’zinenero za ku Foinike ndi ku Etruscani, ndi zina mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zimene atulukira m’mbiri ya anthu akale a ku Mediterranean.
Ngakhale kuti mapale a Pyrgi anali aang’ono, amasonyeza chidwi cha maubwenzi ovuta komanso kusinthana kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu a ku Foinike ndi a ku Etrusca, omwe ndi mayiko awiri otchuka kwambiri m’nthawi zakale. Kuchokera ku chiyambi chawo chosamvetsetseka kufika pa kufunikira kwawo kumvetsetsa kugwirizana kwa zinenero ndi chikhalidwe pakati pa maufumu awiri akuluakuluwa, Mapale a Golide a Pyrgi akupitirizabe kukopa ndi kuchititsa chidwi akatswiri ndi okonda mofanana. Lowani nafe pamene tikufufuza nkhani yosangalatsa ya mapiritsi a Pyrgi ndikutsegula zinsinsi za chuma chodabwitsachi.
Mapiritsi a Golide a Pyrgi
Mapale a Golide a Pyrgi ndi mndandanda wa zolembedwa zitatu zopangidwa ndi tsamba lagolide ndipo zinapezeka mu 1964 mu mzinda wakale wa Pyrgi, womwe uli ku Italy masiku ano. Zolembazi zidalembedwa m'zilankhulo za Foinike ndi Etruscan ndipo amakhulupirira kuti zidayamba zaka za m'ma 5 BCE. Mapalewa amaonedwa kuti ndi amodzi mwa zinthu zakale zofukulidwa m’zaka za m’ma 20, chifukwa amapereka chidziŵitso chofunika kwambiri pa zikhalidwe ndi madera a anthu a ku Foinike ndi ku Etruscan.
Chitukuko cha Foinike
Chitukuko cha Foinike chinali chikhalidwe cha malonda apanyanja chomwe chinayamba cha m'ma 1500 BCE kum'mawa kwa Mediterranean. Afoinike ankadziŵika chifukwa cha luso lawo loyenda panyanja ndi kuchita malonda ndipo anakhazikitsa madera ozungulira nyanja ya Mediterranean, kuphatikizapo m’mayiko amene masiku ano amati Lebanon, Syria, ndi Tunisia. Chilankhulo cha Foinike chinali chinenero cha Semitic chofanana ndi Chihebri ndi Chiarabu.
Afoinike analinso amisiri aluso ndipo anali otchuka chifukwa cha luso lawo la kusula zitsulo ndi kupanga magalasi. Anapanganso zilembo zimene zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ku Mediterranean ndipo zinathandiza kuti zilembo za Chigiriki ndi Chilatini zitheke. Kunena zowona, zinatenga mbali yofunika kwambiri pakusinthika kwa zilankhulo zapadziko lapansi zamasiku ano komanso kumvetsetsa kwaumunthu.
Chitukuko cha Etruscan
Chitukuko cha Etruscan chinayamba ku Italy cha m'ma 8 BCE ndipo chinali m'chigawo cha Tuscany. Anthu a ku Etrusca ankadziŵika chifukwa cha luso lawo la luso la zomangamanga komanso dongosolo lawo lapamwamba la boma. Analinso ndi kalembedwe kotukuka kwambiri, Chinenero cha Etruscan, chimene chinalembedwa kuchokera kumanja kupita kumanzere ndipo chinanenedwa kukhala chosonkhezeredwa ndi zilembo za Chigiriki.
Malinga ndi kunena kwa akatswiri ena, Etruscan si chinenero chokha. Chimagwirizana kwambiri ndi zilankhulo zina ziwiri: a) Chiraetic, chinenero chimene chinalankhulidwa nthaŵi ina pafupifupi ndi Etruscan kumene masiku ano kuli kumpoto kwa Italy ndi Austria, ndi b) Chilemnian, chimene panthaŵi ina chinkalankhulidwa pa chilumba cha Greek cha Lemnos, kumphepete mwa nyanja. Turkey, yomwe mwina ndi chizindikiro cha chiyambi cha chilankhulo cha makolo a zilankhulo zonse zitatu zomwe zili ku Anatolia, ndipo kufalikira kwake mwina kunachitika chifukwa cha kusamuka kwa chisokonezo pambuyo pa kugwa kwa dziko. Ufumu wa Ahiti.
M'malo mwake, ofufuza ambiri amanena kuti chinenero cha Etruscan ndi chapadera, osati cha Indo-European m'mayiko akale a Agiriki ndi Aroma. Palibe zinenero za makolo zodziŵika ku Etruscan, ndipo palibenso mbadwa zamakono, monga Chilatini pang’onopang’ono chinaloŵa m’malo mwake, pamodzi ndi zinenero zina za Italic, pamene Aroma anayamba kulamulira pang’onopang’ono chilumba cha Italy.
Mofanana ndi Afoinike, anthu a ku Etrusca analinso akatswiri osula zitsulo ndipo ankapanga zinthu zokongola kwambiri, monga ndolo, zibangili, zifaniziro zamkuwa, ndi mbiya. Analinso alimi aluso ndipo anapanga njira zamakono zothirira zomwe zinkawathandiza kulima mbewu m’madera ouma a ku Italy.
Kupezeka kwa Pyrgi Gold Tablets
Mapale agolide a Pyrgi anapezedwa mu 1964 ndi gulu la akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale lotsogozedwa ndi Massimo Pallottino mu mzinda wakale wa Pyrgi, womwe uli ku Italy masiku ano. Zolembazo anazipeza m’kachisi woperekedwa kwa mulungu wamkazi Uni, yemwe ankalambiridwa ndi Afoinike ndi Aetrusca.
Mapalewo anali opangidwa ndi masamba agolide ndipo anapezeka m’bokosi lamatabwa limene linakwiriridwa m’kachisi. Bokosilo linapezeka mu phulusa lomwe anthu amakhulupirira kuti linayambika ndi moto womwe unawononga kachisi m'zaka za m'ma 4 BCE.
Kufotokozera Mapiritsi a Golide a Pyrgi
Mapale a Golide a Pyrgi analembedwa m’zinenero za Afoinike ndi Etruscan, zimene zinapangitsa kuti akatswiri a Baibulo avutike kumvetsa zimene zinalembedwapo. Ntchitoyi inakhala yovuta kwambiri chifukwa chakuti zolembedwazo zinalembedwa mwa mawonekedwe a Etruscan yomwe sinamvetsetsedwe bwino komanso inali isanawonekere.
Ngakhale kuti panali mavuto amenewa, m’kupita kwa nthaŵi akatswiri anatha kudziŵa zolembedwazo mothandizidwa ndi kuyerekezera zinenerozo ndi kupeza zolemba zina za ku Etruscan. Miyalayo ili ndi kuperekedwa kwa Mfumu Thefarie Velianas kwa mulungu wamkazi wa Afoinike Astarte, wotchedwanso Ishtar.
Ishtar poyamba ankapembedzedwa ku Sumer ngati Inanna. Chipembedzo cha mulungu wamkazi wa ku Mesopotamiya wakale wogwirizanitsidwa ndi chikondi, kukongola, kugonana, chikhumbo, kubala, nkhondo, chilungamo, ndi mphamvu zandale chinafalikira m’dera lonselo. M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, anayambanso kulambiridwa ndi Aakadi, Ababulo, ndi Asuri.
Mapiritsi a golide a Pyrgi ndi osowa komanso achilendo. Iwo ndi chuma chakale zonse kuchokera ku zinenero komanso mbiri yakale. Mapalewa amapatsa ofufuza mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito Baibulo la Chifoinike powerenga ndi kumasulira Baibulo la Etruscani lomwe linali losamveka.
Kuwerenga kwa foni yam'manja
Malinga ndi kunena kwa William J. Hamblin, pulofesa wa mbiri yakale pa yunivesite ya Brigham Young, Mapale atatu a Pyrgi Gold Tablets ndi chitsanzo chabwino cha kufalikira kwa chizoloŵezi cha Afoinike cholemba malemba opatulika pa mbale za golide kuchokera pakati pawo poyambirira ku Foinike, kudzera ku Carthage, mpaka. Italy, ndipo pafupifupi masiku ano ndi zonena za Bukhu la Mormon kuti malemba opatulika analembedwa pa mbale zitsulo ndi anansi pafupi Afoinike, Ayuda.
Panalibe chifukwa chofotokozera mapale ochititsa chidwi akale amenewa chifukwa malemba a ku Foinike ankadziwika kuti ndi a Chisemitiki. Ngakhale kuti zinthu zakalezo sizingaganizidwe kuti n’zosamveka, komabe n’zaphindu kwambiri m’mbiri ndipo zimatipatsa chidziŵitso chapadera cha mmene anthu akale ankafotokozera zikhulupiriro zawo ndi kulambira mulungu wawo wamkazi wokondedwa Astarte (Ishtar, Inanna).
Mawu a Phonecian akuti:
Kwa mayi Ashtarot,
Awa ndi malo opatulika, amene anapangidwa, ndipo amene anaperekedwa ndi Tiberiyo Velianas amene amalamulira Caerites.
M’mwezi woperekera nsembe Dzuwa, monga mphatso m’kachisi, anamanga aedicula (kachisi wakale).
Pakuti Asitaroti anamukweza ndi dzanja lake kuti achite ufumu zaka zitatu kuyambira mwezi wa Kurivare, kuyambira tsiku la kuikidwa kwa milunguyo.
Ndipo zaka za fano la umulungu m’kachisimo [zidzakhala] zaka zambiri monga nyenyezi zakumwamba.
Kufunika kwa Mapale a Golide a Pyrgi pomvetsetsa chitukuko cha Foinike ndi Etruscan
Mapiritsi a Golide a Pyrgi ndi ofunika chifukwa amapereka zidziwitso zamtengo wapatali pazikhalidwe ndi magulu a chikhalidwe cha Foinike ndi Etruscan. Zolembedwazi zimasonyeza kugwirizana kwapakati pa anthu a mitundu iwiriyi ndipo zimatithandiza kumvetsa bwino miyambo ndi zikhulupiriro zawo zachipembedzo.
Zolembedwazi zimaperekanso umboni wosonyeza kuti Afoinike analipo ku Italy ndiponso mmene anathandizira anthu a ku Etruscany. Miyalayo imasonyeza kuti Afoinike ankachita malonda a zinthu zamtengo wapatali, monga golidi, ndipo ankagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pachipembedzo cha anthu a ku Etrusca.
Kufanana ndi kusiyana pakati pa chitukuko cha Foinike ndi Etruscan
Anthu a ku Foinike ndi ku Etruscan anali ndi zinthu zambiri zofanana, kuphatikizapo luso lawo losula zitsulo komanso maboma awo apamwamba kwambiri. Zikhalidwe zonse ziwirizi zimadziwikanso ndi luso lawo loyenda panyanja komanso kuchita malonda, ndipo adakhazikitsa madera kudutsa nyanja ya Mediterranean.
Ngakhale zinali zofanana, panalinso kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa zitukuko ziwirizi. Afoinike anali chikhalidwe cha panyanja chomwe chimakonda kwambiri zamalonda ndi zamalonda, pamene anthu a ku Etruscan anali alimi omwe ankakonda kwambiri ulimi ndi kulima minda.
Mapiritsi a Golide a Pyrgi pakadali pano
Panopa Mapale a Golide a Pyrgi akusungidwa ku National Etruscan Museum, Villa Giulia, ku Rome, komwe amawonetsedwa kuti anthu aziwawona. Mapale aphunziridwa mozama ndi akatswiri ndipo akupitirizabe kukhala mutu wofunikira pa kafukufuku wa akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale ndi akatswiri a mbiri yakale.
Kutsiliza: Kufunika kwa Mapiritsi a Golide a Pyrgi m'mbiri ya dziko
Mapiritsi a Golide a Pyrgi ndi chidziwitso chochititsa chidwi cha zikhalidwe ndi madera a chikhalidwe cha Foinike ndi Etruscany. Zolembazo zimapereka chidziŵitso chamtengo wapatali pazochitika zachipembedzo ndi zikhulupiriro za anthu otukuka aŵiriŵa ndipo zimavumbula ubale wapamtima umene ulipo pakati pawo.
Kupezeka kwa Mapiritsi a Golide a Pyrgi kwathandizira kwambiri kumvetsetsa kwathu mbiri ya dziko lapansi ndipo kwawunikira maubwenzi ovuta pakati pa zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana ndi anthu. Miyalayi ndi umboni wosonyeza kufunika kwa zinthu zakale zokumbidwa pansi komanso ntchito imene imathandiza povumbula zinsinsi zakale.
