Chitukuko cha Inca chimadziwika ndi luso lake laukadaulo komanso zomangamanga, komanso miyambo yake yapadera yachipembedzo. Chimodzi mwazinthu zochititsa chidwi kwambiri pa chikhalidwe cha Inca ndicho kupereka anthu nsembe. Mu 1995, gulu la akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale linapeza mabwinja a msungwana wachichepere pa Phiri la Ampato ku Peru. Zomwe anapezazi zinadabwitsa dziko lapansi ndipo nthawi yomweyo zinayambitsa chidwi pakati pa akatswiri a mbiri yakale komanso akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale.
Msungwanayu, yemwe tsopano amadziwika kuti Mummy Juanita (Momia Juanita), kapena Inca Ice Maiden, kapena Dona wa ku Ampato, ankakhulupirira kuti anali nsembe kwa milungu ya Inca zaka zoposa 500 zapitazo. M'nkhaniyi, tikambirana nkhani yochititsa chidwi ya Amayi Juanita, kuphatikizapo tanthauzo la mwambo wa Inca wopereka nsembe zaumunthu, kupezeka kwa amayi, ndi zomwe taphunzira kuchokera ku zotsalira zake zosungidwa bwino. Tiyeni tibwerere m'mbuyo kuti tiphunzire za mbiri yochititsa chidwi imeneyi.
Kupereka anthu mu chikhalidwe cha Inca ndi Mummy Juanita
Nsembe za anthu zinali mbali yofunika kwambiri ya chikhalidwe cha Inca, ndipo ankakhulupirira kuti inali njira yosangalatsa milungu ndi kusunga chilengedwe chonse. Ainka ankakhulupirira kuti milungu imayang’anira mbali zonse za moyo, ndipo unali udindo wa anthu kuti akhalebe osangalala. Kuti achite zimenezi, ankapereka nsembe za nyama, chakudya, ndipo nthawi zina anthu. Nsembe za anthu zinkasungidwa pamwambo wofunika kwambiri, monga Inti Raymi kapena Phwando la Dzuwa. Nsembe zimenezi zinasankhidwa mosamala kwambiri kuchokera kwa anthu angwiro kwambiri ndipo nthaŵi zambiri anali odzipereka.
Munthu wosankhidwa kuti apereke nsembe ankaonedwa ngati ngwazi, ndipo imfa yawo inkaonedwa ngati ulemu. Nsembe ya Amayi Juanita, yemwe amadziwikanso kuti Inca Ice Maiden, ndi chimodzi mwa zitsanzo zodziwika bwino za nsembe za anthu mu chikhalidwe cha Inca. Anali mtsikana wamng'ono yemwe adaperekedwa nsembe m'zaka za zana la 15 ndipo adapezeka mu 1995 pamwamba pa phiri la Ampato ku Peru. Thupi lake linatetezedwa bwino chifukwa cha kuzizira kwa paphiripo.
Amakhulupirira kuti Amayi Juanita anaperekedwa nsembe kwa milungu kuti athe kukolola bwino komanso kuteteza masoka achilengedwe. Ofufuza awonetsa kuti adazunzidwa pamwambo wofunikira wansembe wa Incan wotchedwa Capacocha (Capac Cocha), womwe nthawi zina umamasuliridwa kuti 'udindo wachifumu'.
Ngakhale kuti nsembe za anthu zingaoneke ngati zankhanza kwa ife lerolino, inali mbali yofunika kwambiri ya chikhalidwe cha anthu a mtundu wa Inca ndipo inathandiza kwambiri zikhulupiriro ndi zochita zawo zachipembedzo. Ainka ankakhulupirira kuti kupereka chinthu chamtengo wapatali kwambiri chimene anali nacho, moyo waumunthu, chinali nsembe yaikulu imene akanapereka kwa milungu yawo. Ndipo ngakhale kuti masiku ano sitingagwirizane ndi zimenezi, m’pofunika kumvetsa ndi kulemekeza zikhulupiriro za makolo athu.
Kupezeka kwa Amayi Juanita
Kupezeka kwa Amayi Juanita ndi nkhani yochititsa chidwi yomwe inayamba mu 1995 pamene ofukula zinthu zakale Johan Reinhard, ndi Miguel Zarate, wothandizira wake, anapunthwa pa mabwinja ake pamwamba pa phiri la Ampato ku Andes ku Peru. Poyamba, ankaganiza kuti apeza munthu woyenda m’madzi oundana, koma atayang’anitsitsa, anazindikira kuti apeza chinthu china chofunika kwambiri - mayi wakale wa Incan.
Kupeza kumeneku kunatheka chifukwa cha kusungunuka kwa chipale chofewa cha phiri la Ampato, chomwe chinayambitsidwa ndi phulusa lachiphalaphala lomwe linatuluka chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa phiri lapafupi. Chifukwa cha kusungunuka uku, mayiyo adawonekera, ndipo adagwa pansi paphiri, pomwe adapezeka ndi Reinhard ndi Zarate. Pa ulendo wachiwiri wokwera phirilo mu October chaka chomwecho, mitembo ya anthu awiri yozizira kwambiri inapezeka m’dera lamunsi la phiri la Ampato.
Panthaŵi yotulukira, mtembo wa Amayi Juanita unasungidwa bwino kwambiri kotero kuti unangokhala ngati wamwalira kumene. Khungu lake, tsitsi lake, ndi zovala zake zinali zonse, ndipo ziwalo zake zamkati zinali zidakali m’malo. Zinali zoonekeratu kuti anaperekedwa nsembe kwa milungu, ndipo mtembo wake unasiyidwa paphiri monga nsembe.
Kupezeka kwa Amayi Juanita kunali kochititsa chidwi kwambiri pankhani ya ofukula mabwinja. Zinapatsa asayansi mwayi wosowa woti aphunzire mozama za chikhalidwe cha Inca komanso mchitidwe woperekera anthu nsembe. Inatithandizanso kuona moyo wa mtsikana wina wa ku Inca amene anakhalako zaka zoposa XNUMX zapitazo. Kupeza kwa Amayi Juanita ndi kafukufuku wotsatira wapereka chidziwitso chofunikira pa chikhalidwe cha Inca ndi zikhulupiriro zawo. Ndi chikumbutso cha kufunika kosunga mbiri ndi chikhalidwe kuti mibadwo yamtsogolo iphunzire ndi kuyamikiridwa.
Capacocha - nsembe yamwambo
Malinga ndi ofufuza, Amayi Juanita anaperekedwa nsembe monga mbali ya mwambo wotchedwa Capacocha. Mwambo umenewu unafuna kuti Ainka apereke nsembe zabwino kwambiri ndi zathanzi pakati pawo. Izi zinachitidwa pofuna kusangalatsa milungu, mwakutero kuonetsetsa kuti kukolola bwino, kapena kuletsa masoka achilengedwe. Malinga ndi malo amene mtsikanayo anaperekedwa nsembe, akuti mwina mwambowo unali wokhudzana ndi kulambira phiri la Ampato.
Imfa ya Juanita
Mayi Juanita atapezeka, adakulungidwa mtolo. Kupatulapo zotsalira za mtsikanayo, mtolowu unalinso ndi zinthu zakale zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo ziboliboli zambiri zadongo, zigoba, ndi zinthu zagolide. Izi zinasiyidwa ngati nsembe kwa milungu. Akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale anena kuti zinthu izi, pamodzi ndi chakudya, masamba a coca, ndi chicha, chakumwa choledzeretsa chosungunuka kuchokera ku chimanga, zikanabweretsedwa ndi ansembe pamene amatsogolera mtsikanayo kukwera phiri.
Aŵiri omalizirawo akanagwiritsiridwa ntchito kugoneketsa mwanayo, amene amati ndi mchitidwe wofala wa Ainka asanapereke nsembe ozunzidwawo. Munthu wophedwayo akaledzera, ansembe ankapereka nsembeyo. Ponena za Amayi Juanita, zinaululika ndi radiology, kuti kumenyedwa ndi chibonga m’mutu kunayambitsa kukha mwazi kwakukulu, zomwe zinachititsa kuti afe.
Zinthu zopangidwa ndi Mummy Juanita
Zinthu zopangidwa ndi Inca Ice Maiden ndi monga zidutswa za nsalu, zidutswa 40 za mithunzi yadothi, nsapato zosakhwima, zovala zoluka, ziwiya zamatabwa zokongoletsedwa ngati chifanizo chokhala ndi mafupa a llama ndi chimanga. Akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale amatsimikizira kuti milungu inali gawo lofunika kwambiri pa chikhalidwe cha Incan ndipo zonsezi zinali zawo.
Kusungidwa ndi kufunikira kwa mabwinja a Amayi Juanita
Zotsalira zosungidwa bwino za Amayi Juanita zaphunziridwa mozama ndipo zawulula zidziwitso zofunika pa chikhalidwe ndi miyambo ya Inca. Kusungidwa kwa mafupa a Amayi Juanita ndi mbali yochititsa chidwi ya nkhani yake. Kuzizira kwambiri pamwamba pa phirilo kunachititsa kuti thupi lake lisungike kwa zaka zambiri. Mikhalidwe ya ayeziyo inalepheretsa kuwola kulikonse ndipo ngakhale ziŵalo zake zamkati zinapezeka kuti sizinali bwino. Kusungika kumeneku kwathandiza asayansi kuphunzira zambiri za anthu a mtundu wa Inca ndi njira yawo ya moyo, monga momwe amadyera, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya madyedwe ndi kuopsa kwa thanzi.
Malinga ndi ofufuza, Amayi Juanita anali ndi zaka zapakati pa 12 ndi 15 pamene anamwalira. Kusanthula kwa sayansi kwa zitsanzo za tsitsi lake - zomwe zidatheka chifukwa zidasungidwa bwino - zidapatsa ofufuza zambiri zokhudzana ndi zakudya za mtsikanayo. Zikusonyeza kuti mtsikana ameneyu anasankhidwa kuti aphedwe nsembe kutatsala chaka chimodzi kuti amwalire. Izi zimadziwika ndi kusintha kwa zakudya, zomwe zidawululidwa kudzera pakuwunika kwa tsitsi lake.
Asanasankhidwe kuti apereke nsembe, Juanita anali ndi zakudya zamtundu wa Incan, zomwe zinali ndi mbatata ndi ndiwo zamasamba. Izi zinasintha, komabe, pafupifupi chaka chimodzi chisanafike nsembeyo, popeza anapeza kuti anayamba kudya mapuloteni a nyama ndi chimanga, zomwe zinali zakudya za anthu apamwamba.
Kufunika kwa chikhalidwe cha mabwinja a Amayi Juanita sikungathekenso, chifukwa anali nsembe yoperekedwa ndi anthu a Inca kuti akondweretse milungu yawo. Nsembe zake zinkaonedwa ngati nsembe kwa milungu, ndipo ankakhulupirira kuti imfa yake idzabweretsa chitukuko, thanzi, ndi chitetezo kwa anthu a Inca. Kuphunzira za mtembo wake kwathandiza asayansi kuzindikira miyambo ya Ainka, zikhulupiriro zawo, ndi moyo wawo. Yatithandizanso kuphunzira za thanzi ndi kadyedwe ka anthu a ku Inca panthawiyo. Nkhani yake ndi yapadera komanso yosangalatsa yomwe yakopa anthu padziko lonse lapansi.
Kafukufuku wopitilira komanso kuphunzira kwa Amayi Juanita
Nkhani ya Mummy Juanita, Inca Ice Maiden, ndi yochititsa chidwi yomwe yakopa chidwi cha anthu padziko lonse lapansi. Kupeza kwake mu 1995 pa Phiri la Ampato kwatsogolera ku maphunziro ndi kafukufuku wambiri pa moyo ndi imfa yake. Kuphunzira kosalekeza kwa Amayi Juanita kwapereka chidziwitso chofunikira pa chikhalidwe cha Inca ndi zikhulupiriro zawo zokhudzana ndi nsembe zaumunthu. Asayansi atha kudziŵa zaka zake, thanzi lake, ngakhalenso zimene anadya m’masiku otsogolera ku imfa yake.
Kuphatikiza apo, zovala zake ndi zinthu zakale zomwe adazipeza mozungulira thupi lake zidapereka chidziwitso cha nsalu ndi zitsulo zachitukuko cha Inca. Koma pali zambiri zoti tiphunzire ndi kutulukira zokhudza Amayi Juanita. Kafukufuku wopitilira pa zotsalira zake ndi zinthu zakale apitiliza kutipatsa chidziwitso chatsopano cha chikhalidwe cha Inca ndi zikhulupiriro zawo. Pamene tikupitiriza kuphunzira zambiri za Amayi Juanita, tidzayamikira kwambiri mbiri yakale ndi chikhalidwe cha dera la Andes.
Malo omwe alipo pano a Mummy Juanita
Masiku ano, Mummy Juanita akusungidwa ku Museo Santuarios Andinos ku Arequipa, mzinda womwe uli kutali ndi phiri la Ampato. Amayi amasungidwa pamalo apadera omwe amasunga bwino kutentha ndi chinyezi mkati mwake, kuonetsetsa kuti zotsalirazi zisungidwe mtsogolo.
Mawu omaliza
Pomaliza, nkhani ya Amayi Juanita ndi yochititsa chidwi, ndipo imatipatsa chithunzithunzi cha miyambo yachipembedzo ndi chikhalidwe cha chitukuko cha Inca. N’zodabwitsa kuganiza kuti mtsikana ameneyu anaperekedwa nsembe pafupifupi zaka 500 zapitazo ndipo thupi lake likusungidwabe modabwitsa chonchi.
Ndizosangalatsanso kulingalira zifukwa zomwe zinachititsa kuti apereke nsembe komanso zomwe zinatanthauza kwa anthu a Inca. Ngakhale zingawoneke zachilendo komanso zankhanza kwa ife lero, inali gawo lozama kwambiri lachikhulupiliro chawo ndi njira ya moyo. Kupeza kwa Amayi Juanita kwathandiza kuwunikira chikhalidwe chakale komanso kutithandiza kumvetsetsa bwino momwe moyo unalili kwa anthu a Inca. Cholowa chake chidzapitirizabe kuphunziridwa ndi kuyamikiridwa kwa zaka zikubwerazi.
