Chitukuko chakale cha ku Igupto chimadziwika bwino chifukwa cha mbiri yakale, zomangamanga, komanso chikhalidwe. Unalinso wotchuka chifukwa cha luso lake lankhondo komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zida zapadera. Mwa izi, lupanga la Khopesh likuwoneka ngati chida chodziwika bwino chomwe chinathandizira mbiri yakale ya Egypt. Lupanga lopindika modabwitsali linali chida chosankhidwa kwa ankhondo akulu akulu aku Egypt, kuphatikiza Ramses III ndi Tutankhamun. Sikuti chinali chida chakupha chokha, komanso chinali chizindikiro cha mphamvu ndi kutchuka. M'nkhaniyi, tifufuza mozama mbiri ndi kufunikira kwa lupanga la Khopesh, ndikufufuza mapangidwe ake, zomangamanga, ndi zotsatira zake pa nkhondo zakale za Aigupto.
Mbiri yachidule ya nkhondo Zakale za ku Aigupto
Igupto wakale amadziwika ndi mbiri yake yochititsa chidwi, kuyambira pomanga mapiramidi mpaka kuwuka ndi kugwa kwa afarao amphamvu. Koma mbali imodzi ya mbiri yawo imene kaŵirikaŵiri imanyalanyazidwa ndiyo nkhondo zawo. Igupto wakale anali ufumu wamphamvu, ndipo asilikali awo anathandiza kwambiri kuti akhalebe otero. Aigupto akale analidi ankhondo aluso amene anali kugwiritsira ntchito zida zosiyanasiyana, monga mauta ndi mivi, mikondo, ndi mipeni. Kuphatikiza pa zida izi, adagwiritsanso ntchito chida chapadera komanso chodziwika bwino chotchedwa lupanga la Khopesh.
Chida champhamvu chimenechi chinali lupanga lopindika lomangika ngati mbedza kumapeto kwake, kupangitsa kukhala chida chamitundumitundu chomwe chingagwiritsidwe ntchito podula komanso kukokera. Anthu a ku Iguputo akale ankagwiritsa ntchito lupanga limeneli pomenya nkhondo yapafupi, ndipo linali lothandiza kwambiri polimbana ndi adani amene anali ndi zishango. Aigupto akale ankadziŵika chifukwa cha luso lawo ndi dongosolo lawo pankhondo, ndipo kugwiritsira ntchito kwawo lupanga la Khopesh kunali chitsanzo chimodzi chabe cha luso lawo lankhondo. Ngakhale kuti nkhondo ndi nkhani yachiwawa m'mbiri, ndi gawo lofunikira pomvetsetsa zikhalidwe zakale ndi madera omwe adapanga.
Chiyambi cha lupanga la Khopesh?
Lupanga la Khopesh limakhulupirira kuti linachokera ku Middle Bronze Age, cha m'ma 1800 BCE, ndipo linkagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Aigupto akale kwa zaka zoposa chikwi. Ngakhale kuti chiyambi chenicheni cha lupanga la Khopesh ndi chobisika, amakhulupirira kuti chinapangidwa kuchokera ku zida zakale, monga malupanga a chikwakwa, omwe anapangidwa ku Mesopotamia kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2 BC. Kuphatikiza apo, Stele of the Vultures, ya 2500 BC, ikuwonetsa mfumu ya ku Sumeri, Eanatum ya Lagash, ili ndi lupanga lowoneka ngati chikwakwa.
Lupanga la Khopesh poyamba linkagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida chankhondo, koma posakhalitsa linakhala chizindikiro cha mphamvu ndi ulamuliro. Nthawi zambiri Afarao ndi akuluakulu ena akuluakulu ankawonetsedwa atanyamula lupanga la Khopesh m’manja mwawo, ndipo ankagwiritsidwanso ntchito pamwambo komanso pazochitika zachipembedzo. Lupanga la Khopesh linathandizanso kwambiri pankhondo zingapo zodziwika bwino, kuphatikizapo nkhondo ya Kadesi, yomwe inamenyana ndi Aigupto ndi Ahiti mu 1274 BCE. Choncho, lupanga la Khopesh limakhala gawo lofunika kwambiri la chikhalidwe cha Aigupto chakale ndipo likupitirizabe kukondweretsa akatswiri a mbiri yakale ndi okonda, ngakhale lero.
Kupanga ndi kapangidwe ka lupanga la Khopesh
Lupanga lodziwika bwino la Khopesh lili ndi mapangidwe apadera omwe amawasiyanitsa ndi malupanga ena a nthawiyo. Lupangalo lili ndi mpeni wooneka ngati chikwakwa womwe umakhotera mkati, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti likhale loyenera kudula ndi kudula. Poyamba lupangalo linali lopangidwa ndi mkuwa, koma kenako linapangidwa kuchokera kuchitsulo. Chovala cha lupanga la Khopesh ndi chapadera. Umakhala ndi chogwirira chomwe chili chopindika ngati mpeni, komanso chopingasa chomwe chimathandiza kuti lupanga likhale m'manja mwa wopalasa.
Malupanga ena a Khopesh analinso ndi pommel kumapeto kwa chogwirira chomwe chingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chida champhamvu champhamvu. Kumanga kwa lupanga la Khopesh kunachitika ndi osula zitsulo a ku Igupto Wakale omwe anali aluso pa ntchito yosula zitsulo. Chingwecho chinali chopangidwa ndi chitsulo chimodzi, chomwe ankachitenthetsa kenako n’kuchimenya. Chomalizacho chinanoledwa ndi kupukutidwa.
Mapangidwe a lupanga la Khopesh sanali othandiza komanso ophiphiritsira. Chitsamba chopindikacho chinali kuimira mwezi wopendekeka, womwe unali chizindikiro cha mulungu wamkazi wankhondo wa ku Igupto, Sekhmet. Lupangalonso nthaŵi zina linkakongoletsedwa ndi zozokotedwa ndi zokometsera zogometsa, zomwe zinkawonjezera kukongola kwake. Pomaliza, luso lapadera la lupanga la Khopesh ndi luso lake lomanga linapangitsa kuti likhale chida chothandiza pankhondo, ndipo chizindikiro chake chinawonjezera kufunika kwa chikhalidwe m'mbiri yakale ya Aigupto.
Mphamvu ya lupanga la Khopesh waku Egypt pamagulu ndi zikhalidwe zina
M’zaka za m’ma 6 BC, Agiriki anatenga lupanga lokhala ndi lupanga lopindika, lotchedwa machaira kapena kopis, limene akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti linali lopangidwa ndi lupanga la ku Egypt la khopesh. Ahiti, omwe anali adani a Aigupto m’Nyengo ya Mkuwa, ankagwiritsanso ntchito malupanga okhala ndi mapangidwe ofanana ndi a khopesh, koma sizikudziwika ngati anabwereka pulaniyo ku Igupto kapena mwachindunji ku Mesopotamiya.
Ndiponso, malupanga opindika ooneka ngati khopesh apezeka kum’maŵa ndi pakati pa Afirika, makamaka m’madera amene tsopano akuphatikiza Rwanda ndi Burundi, kumene zida zonga mipeni zofanana ndi zikwakwa zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito. Sizikudziwika ngati miyambo yopangira masamba iyi idauziridwa ndi Igupto kapena ngati mapangidwe a mipeni adapangidwa paokha m'derali mpaka kumwera kwa Mesopotamiya.
M’madera ena a kum’mwera kwa India ndi mbali zina za Nepal, muli zitsanzo za lupanga kapena lupanga lofanana ndi khopesh. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti zikhalidwe za Dravidian m'maderawa zimalumikizana ndi Mesopotamiya, monga umboni wa malonda a chitukuko cha Indus Valley ndi Mesopotamiya kuyambira 3000 BC. Chitukuko ichi, chomwe mwina chinali cha Dravidian, chinalipo mpaka pakati pa zaka za m'ma 2 BC, yomwe ikanakhala nthawi yabwino yosamutsira njira zopangira lupanga za khopesh kuchokera ku Mesopotamiya kupita ku chitukuko cha Dravidian.
Kutsiliza: Kufunika kwa lupanga la Khopesh mu chikhalidwe cha ku Egypt
Palibe kukayikira kuti lupanga la Khopesh ndi chimodzi mwa zida zodziwika kwambiri m'mbiri ya Aigupto. Chinali chida chofunikira kwambiri mu nthawi ya Ufumu Wakale ndipo chidagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ankhondo apamwamba a Farao. Lupangalo linali lopangidwa ndi mkuwa kapena mkuwa kapena chitsulo, ndipo nthawi zambiri lupangalo ankalikongoletsedwa ndi zinthu zogometsa komanso zolembedwa.
Lupanga la Khopesh silinali chida chokha, komanso linali ndi tanthauzo lachikhalidwe komanso lachipembedzo ku Egypt wakale. Ankakhulupirira kuti chinali chizindikiro cha mphamvu, ulamuliro, ndi chitetezo. Lupanga nthawi zambiri linkawonetsedwa muzojambula za ku Aigupto kapena kuikidwa m'manda a Aigupto otchuka, ndipo linkagwiritsidwanso ntchito pazochitika zosiyanasiyana.
Afarao ndi akuluakulu ena akuluakulu ankawonetsedwa kaŵirikaŵiri atanyamula lupanga la Khopesh m’manja mwawo, ndipo linkagwiritsidwanso ntchito pa miyambo yachipembedzo yophatikizapo kupereka nsembe kwa milungu. Lupanga la Khopesh ndi chimodzi mwa zizindikiro zodziwika bwino za Aigupto Wakale, ndipo kufunikira kwake kumapitirira kuposa kugwiritsa ntchito ngati chida. Zimayimira mphamvu ndi ulamuliro wa Afarao komanso kufunika kwa chipembedzo mu chikhalidwe cha Aigupto.
