Mapale awiri adongo akale amene anapezeka ku Iraq ndipo anakutidwa ndi zilembo za cuneiform kuyambira pamwamba mpaka pansi, ali ndi mfundo za chinenero cha Akanani “chotayika” chofanana kwambiri ndi Chiheberi chakale.
Mapale, omwe akuganiza kuti ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 4,000, amalemba mawu m'chinenero chosadziwika bwino cha Aamori, omwe anali ochokera ku Kanani - dera lomwe tsopano ndi Syria, Israel ndi Jordan - koma pambuyo pake anakhazikitsa ufumu ku Mesopotamiya. Mawuwa amaikidwa pamodzi ndi matembenuzidwe a chinenero cha Chiakadi, chimene akatswiri amakono angaŵerenge.
Kwenikweni, miyalayi ndi yofanana ndi mwala wotchuka wa Rosetta, womwe unali ndi mawu olembedwa m’chinenero chimodzi chodziwika (Chigiriki chakale) mofanana ndi malemba aŵiri osadziwika akale a ku Aigupto (hieroglyphics ndi demotic.) Pamenepa, mawu odziwika a Chiakadi akuthandiza. ofufuza amawerenga Chiamori cholembedwa.
“Kudziŵa kwathu Aamori kunali kwachisoni kwambiri kotero kuti akatswiri ena anakayikira ngati panali chinenero choterocho,” ofufuza Manfred Krebernik (atsegula mu tabu yatsopano) ndi Andrew R. George (atsegula mu tabu yatsopano) adauza Live Science mu imelo. Koma “Miyalayo imayankha funsoli posonyeza kuti chinenerocho chinkadziwika momveka bwino komanso chosiyana kwambiri ndi Chiakadi.”
Krebernik, pulofesa ndi wapampando wa maphunziro akale a Near Eastern pa yunivesite ya Jena ku Germany, ndi George, pulofesa wopuma pantchito wa mabuku achibabeloni pa University of London’s School of Oriental and African Studies, anasindikiza kafukufuku wawo wofotokoza mapalewa m’magazini yaposachedwapa. ya magazini ya Chifalansa Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale(atsegula mu tabu yatsopano) (Journal of Asuriology and Oriental Archaeology).
Chilankhulo chotayika
Mapale aŵiri achiamori ndi Achiakadi anapezedwa ku Iraq pafupifupi zaka 30 zapitazo, mwinamwake pankhondo ya Iran ndi Iraq, kuyambira 1980 mpaka 1988; potsirizira pake anaphatikizidwa m’gulu la zopereka ku United States. Koma palibe china chomwe chimadziwika za iwo, ndipo sichidziwika ngati adatengedwa mwalamulo ku Iraq.
Krebernik ndi George anayamba kuphunzira matabuleti mu 2016 akatswiri ena atawafotokozera.
Mwa kusanthula galamala ndi mawu a chinenero chachinsinsi, iwo anazindikira kuti chinali cha banja la zinenero za Chisemiti Chakumadzulo, chimenenso chimaphatikizapo Chihebri (chimene tsopano chimalankhulidwa ku Israel) ndi Chiaramu, chimene poyamba chinali chofala m’chigawo chonsecho koma tsopano chimalankhulidwa kokha m’Chihebri. anthu ochepa omwazikana ku Middle East.
Ataona kufanana pakati pa chilankhulo chachinsinsi ndi zomwe zimadziwika pang'ono za Amorite, Krebernik ndi George adatsimikiza kuti ndizofanana, komanso kuti mapiritsiwo amafotokoza mawu achiamori m'chilankhulo cha Old Baylonian cha Akkadian.
Nkhani ya chinenero cha Aamori imene ili pa mapalewo ndi yatsatanetsatane modabwitsa. "Mapale awiriwa akuwonjezera chidziwitso chathu cha Amorite kwambiri, popeza alibe mawu atsopano komanso ziganizo zathunthu, motero amawonetsa mawu ndi galamala," ofufuzawo anatero. Zolemba pa magomewo mwina zinalembedwa ndi mlembi wachibabulo wolankhula Chiakadi kapena wophunzira mlembi. "Zochita zosayembekezereka zobadwa ndi chidwi chanzeru," olemba anawonjezera.
Yoram Cohen (atsegula mu tabu yatsopano), pulofesa wa Asuriology pa Yunivesite ya Tel Aviv ku Israel yemwe sanachite nawo kafukufukuyu, adauza Live Science kuti mapiritsiwo akuwoneka ngati amtundu wina. "Tourist Guidebook" kwa olankhula Chiakadi akale amene anafunikira kuphunzira Chiamori.
Ndime imodzi yodziwika bwino ndi mndandanda wa milungu ya Aamori yomwe imayifanizira ndi milungu yofananira ya Mesopotamiya, ndi ndime inanso yofotokoza mawu olandirira.
“Pali mawu okhudza kukhazikitsa chakudya wamba, kupereka nsembe, kudalitsa mfumu,” Cohen anatero. "Pali ngakhale nyimbo yomwe ingakhale nyimbo yachikondi. … Zimakhudza mbali zonse za moyo.”
Zofanana zamphamvu
Mawu ambiri achiamori operekedwa pamapiritsiwa ndi ofanana ndi mawu achihebri, monga “tithilireni vinyo” - "ia -a -a -nam si -qí-ni -a -ti" mu Aamori ndi "muli bwanji" m’Chihebri — ngakhale kuti zolemba zakale zachihebri zodziŵika zinachokera zaka pafupifupi 1,000 pambuyo pake, Cohen anatero.
“Zimatengera nthaŵi pamene zinenero [za West Semitic] zimenezi zimalembedwa. … Akatswiri a zinenero tsopano angathe kufufuza mmene zinenero zimenezi zasinthira kwa zaka zambiri,” Iye anati.
Poyamba Chiakadi chinali chilankhulo cha mzinda wakale wa Mesopotamiya wa Akkad (womwe umatchedwanso Agade) kuchokera m'zaka za m'ma 19 BC, koma zidafalikira kudera lonselo zaka mazana angapo pambuyo pake komanso zikhalidwe, kuphatikiza chitukuko cha ku Babulo kuyambira cha m'ma XNUMX mpaka zaka za m'ma XNUMX BC. .
Mapale ambiri adongo amene analembedwa m’zilembo zakale kwambiri za cuneiform —njira yakale kwambiri yolemberamo zinthu zooneka ngati nthiti mwa dongo lonyowa ndi cholembera —analembedwa m’Chiakadi, ndipo mfungulo inathandiza kumvetsa bwino chinenerocho. gawo la maphunziro ku Mesopotamiya kwa zaka zoposa chikwi.
