Gulu la ofufuza ogwirizana ndi mabungwe angapo ku Spain, akugwira ntchito ndi anzawo awiri ochokera ku France ndi wina waku Germany apeza msonkhano wa Obsidian wopanga handaxe kuchokera zaka 1.2 miliyoni zapitazo ku chigwa cha Awash ku Ethiopia. Mu pepala lawo lofalitsidwa m'magazini yotchedwa Nature Ecology & Evolution, gululi likufotokoza kumene ma handax anapezeka, chikhalidwe chawo ndi zaka zawo.
Stone Age inayamba pafupifupi zaka 2.6 miliyoni zapitazo, mpaka pafupifupi 3,300 BCE, pamene Bronze Age inayamba. Akatswiri a mbiri yakale nthawi zambiri amawononga nthawi mpaka nthawi ya Paleolithic, Mesolithic ndi Neolithic. Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu wasonyeza kuti "misonkhano yophatikizira" idawonekera nthawi ina ku Middle Pleistocene, ku Europe - pafupifupi zaka 774,000 mpaka 129,000 zapitazo.
Maphunziro oterowo adapangidwa ngati kupanga zida adasintha kukhala luso. Anthu omwe adakulitsa luso lotereli adagwira ntchito limodzi m'misonkhano kuti atengeko zida zilizonse zomwe anthu amderali amafunikira. Chimodzi mwa zida zoterozo chinali chojambula chamanja, chomwe chinkagwiritsidwa ntchito podula kapena ngati chida.
Ma Handax amapangidwa podula timadontho tamwala kuti tipange nsonga yakuthwa. Sadaphatikizidwe ndi kalikonse; ankangowagwira m’manja akamagwiritsidwa ntchito. Miyala yomwe ankagwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri inali mwala kapena, m'nthawi yakumapeto, inali ya magalasi ophulika. Obsidian, ngakhale masiku ano, amaonedwa kuti ndizovuta kuti agwire nawo ntchito chifukwa ndi ovuta kwambiri m'manja. Pakuyesayesa kwatsopano kumeneku ofufuza apeza umboni wa msonkhano wa obsidian handaxe knapping womwe unakhazikitsidwa kale kwambiri kuposa momwe zidawonekerapo.
Ofufuzawa anali akugwira ntchito pamalo okumba Melka Kunture pomwe adapeza handaxe yokwiriridwa pamatope. Posakhalitsa anapeza zina. Onse adapeza 578, ndipo onse kupatula atatu adapangidwa ndi obsidian. Chibwenzi cha zinthu zozungulira nkhwangwa zinawonetsa kuti zidachokera zaka pafupifupi 1.2 miliyoni zapitazo.
Kufufuza kwa nkhwangwazo kunasonyeza kuti zonse zinapangidwa mofanana, kusonyeza kuti ofufuzawo anapeza malo ogwirira ntchito akale. Zomwe anapezazi ndi chitsanzo chakale kwambiri chodziwika bwino cha msonkhano woterewu, komanso woyamba wamtunduwu osati ku Europe. Ofufuzawo akuwona kuti ntchitoyi idachitika kale kwambiri kotero kuti sangathe kuzindikira ma hominids omwe adawapanga.
Phunziroli lidafalitsidwa mu mtolankhani Nature Ecology & Evolution (2023). Werengani nkhani yoyambirira.
