Pawel Bednarski anapeza chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa 21 December 2021 pogwiritsa ntchito makina ojambulira zitsulo. Zinali zamwayi kuti anatuluka tsiku limenelo. Nyengo inali yoipa kwa nthawi ndithu, koma zoneneratuzo zinaneneratu kuti zidzasintha bwino m'masiku ochepa. Anaganiza zofufuza mapiri a Kongshaug ku Stjørdal, Norway.
Malo amtengo wapatali a Viking a zinthu zasiliva, kuphatikizapo ndalama zachitsulo, zodzikongoletsera zasiliva, ndi waya wasiliva, anapezedwa masentimita awiri kapena asanu ndi awiri okha pansi pa nthaka. Dongo linaphimba zinthuzo, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuziwona. Atatsuka chimodzi mwa zidutswa za bangle m'pamene Bednarski anazindikira kuti chinali chosangalatsa chopeza.
Pambuyo pake zidatsimikiziridwa ndi ofukula zakale zamatauni kuti zomwe apezazo zinali zofunika komanso za nthawi ya Viking. Panali kokha pamene Pawel analankhulana ndi wofufuza ndi ofukula zinthu zakale Birgit Maixner ku NTNU University Museum kuti anamvetsa kufunika kwa zomwe anapezazo.
46 zinthu zasiliva
Zomwe anapezazi n’zachilendo kwambiri, malinga ndi zimene katswiri wofukula zinthu zakale Birgit Maixner ananena. Ku Norway, chuma chachikulu cha Viking Age sichinapezeke kwa nthawi yayitali. Zinthu 46 zasiliva zinapezedwa, pafupifupi mwachidutswa chokha. Mphete ziwiri zosavuta zala ndi zibangili zingapo ndi maunyolo zikuphatikizidwa, pamodzi ndi ndalama zachiarabu, mikanda yoluka, ndi hacksilver, zonse zomwe zidadulidwa muzidutswa tating'ono.
Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazofukufuku zoyambilira za chuma cholemera, chomwe chinkagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi yosinthana pakati pa chuma cham'mbuyomo ndi chuma chandalama chotsatira, akufotokoza motero Maixner. Ndi chuma chamtengo wapatali mmene ndalama zasiliva ankayezera ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito monga njira yolipirira.
Ndalama zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ku Western Europe ndi ku Continent kuyambira nthawi ya Merovingian (550-800 CE), koma ndalamazo sizinapangidwe ku Norway mpaka kumapeto kwa Viking Age (kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 9 CE). Kufikira M'badwo wa Viking, kusinthanitsa chuma kunali kofala m'maiko a Nordic, koma pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu, chuma cholemera chinali kukulirakulira.
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Malinga ndi Maixner, chuma cholemera chinali chosinthika kwambiri kuposa chuma cha barter. M'malo osinthanitsa, mumayenera kukhala ndi nkhosa zokwanira kuti musinthe ndi ng'ombe. Zinali zosavuta kuzigwira komanso zonyamula, ndipo mumatha kugula chilichonse chomwe mukufuna nthawi ikakwana,” adatero. Anapezedwa ndalama zasiliva makumi anayi kudza zisanu ndi chimodzi, zolemera magalamu 42;
Ndi ndalama zingati zomwe zimafunikira kugula ng'ombe m'nthawi ya Viking? Sitingadziwe bwino, koma titha kudziwa zambiri kuchokera ku lamulo la Gulating. Malinga ndi lamuloli, chuma chimenechi chinali chamtengo wapatali pafupifupi magawo asanu ndi limodzi mwa magawo khumi a ng’ombe,” iye akutero. Malinga ndi a Maixner, chuma chimenechi chinali chandalama zambiri panthawiyo, makamaka kwa munthu mmodzi, ndipo si kale kwambiri kuti minda yaing’ono yokhala ndi ng’ombe zisanu inali yofala. Nanga bwanji chuma chimenechi chinakwiriridwa?
Zobisika kapena zoperekedwa nsembe?
Kodi zinthuzo zinakwiriridwa monga nsembe kapena mphatso kwa milungu, kapena kodi zinatetezedwa ndi mwiniwake? Maixner sakudziwa. “Sitikudziwa ngati mwiniwakeyo anabisa silivayo kuti aisunge, kapena ngati anaiika ngati nsembe kapena ngati mphatso kwa mulungu,” Akutero. N’kuthekanso kuti ndalama zasiliva zolemera zosakwana gramu imodzi zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza ngati ndalama. Kodi mwiniwakeyo anali wamalonda wamba kapena mlendo amene amagulitsanso katundu wake?
Danes paulendo wopita ku Trøndelag?
Nthawi zambiri, chuma cha Scandinavia kuchokera ku Viking Age chimaphatikizapo chidutswa cha chinthu chilichonse. Pali, komabe, zidutswa zingapo zamtundu wofananira wazopezeka mu izi. Mwachitsanzo, zopezekazo zimaphatikizapo mphete yamphuno yamphuno, yogawidwa m'zidutswa zisanu ndi zitatu. zibangili zazikuluzikuluzi zimaganiziridwa kuti zidapangidwa ku Denmark m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chinayi.
Malinga ndi zomwe Maixner ananena, munthu amene wadzikonzekeretsa yekha kuchita malonda akanagawa silivayo m’magulu olemera oyenerera. Chifukwa chake, mwiniwakeyo ayenera kuti anali ku Denmark asanapite kudera la Stjørdal.
Si zachilendo kuti pakhale ndalama zambiri zachisilamu zomwe zimapeza ku Norwegian Viking Age. Nthawi zambiri, ndalama zachiSilamu zochokera ku Norway kuyambira nthawi ino zimapangidwa pakati pa 890 ndi 950 CE. Ndalama zisanu ndi ziwiri zomwe zapezedwazi zidalembedwa, koma zinayi mwa izo zinayambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 700 mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 800 mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 9.
Maixner akuti ndalama zakale zachisilamu, zomangira m'manja zazikulu, ndi zinthu zambiri zogawanika zomwe zimapezeka ku Denmark ndizowoneka bwino kuposa zomwe zimapezeka ku Norway. Izi zikutipangitsanso kukhulupirira kuti zinthu zakale zidachokera cha m'ma 900 CE, akutero.
Mawonekedwe a Viking Age
Mtsinje wa Stjørdalselva umayenda mwamtendere munjira yotakata, yosalala kudutsa Værnes, Husby, ndi Re famu mu Nyengo ya Viking. Chigwa chotakata chinali mkatikati mwa phirilo lomwe tsopano kuli mafamu a Moksnes ndi Hognes. Kum’mwera kwa chigwacho kunali phiri la Kongshaug (King’s Hill), lomwe linali lofikirika kokha kuchokera kum’mwera pa malo opapatiza okwera. Kumbali ina ya chigwacho, kunali kuwoloka kwa Stjørdalselva. Msewu wamakedzana unkadutsa m’derali, kulumikiza kum’maŵa ndi kumadzulo. Ndalama za Viking Age ndi zolemera zapezeka pamalo ano.
Pafupifupi zaka 1,100 zapitazo, mwiniwake wa chuma chasiliva ayenera kuti ankaganiza kuti malo ogulitsa malonda a Kongshaug anali malo opanda chitetezo chosungiramo chuma chake, ndipo motero anachikwirira mumzere wolowera m'chigwa. Pawel Bednarski analifukula kumeneko zaka 1,100 pambuyo pake, mu ngalande. Kodi mumamva bwanji kutulukiranso gulu la chuma patatha zaka zoposa chikwi? “Ndizodabwitsa,” akuti Bednarski. "Kamodzi kokha m'moyo wanu mudzakumana ndi izi."
